ഫലകം:Infobox boron

Boron, ₀₀B
	boron (β-rhombohedral)
Boron
Pronunciation	/ˈbɔːrɒn/ (BOHR-on)
Allotropes	α-, β-rhombohedral, β-tetragonal (and more)
Appearance	black-brown
Standard atomic weight Ar°(B)
	ഫലകം:Infobox element/standard atomic weight format
Boron in the periodic table
	beryllium ← boron → carbon
Group	group 13 (boron group)
Period	period 2
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p1
Electrons per shell	2, 3
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	2349 K (2076 °C, 3769 °F)
Boiling point	4200 K (3927 °C, 7101 °F)
Density when liquid (at m.p.)	2.08 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	50.2 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	508 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	11.087 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−5, −1, +1, +2, +3 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.04
Ionization energies	1st: 800.6 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 2427.1 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 3659.7 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 90 pm
Covalent radius	84±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	192 pm
	Spectral lines of boron
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	rhombohedral
Speed of sound thin rod	16,200 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	β form: 5–7 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	27.4 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	~106 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−6.7·10−6 cm3/mol
Mohs hardness	~9.5
CAS Number	7440-42-8
History
Discovery	Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard (30 June 1808)
First isolation	Humphry Davy (9 July 1808)
Isotopes of boron ക; തി;
	Template:infobox boron isotopes does not exist
	വർഗ്ഗം: Boron; view; talk; edit; \| references

B · Boron
	^iso B E infobox E isobox	→ H ibox H
[[:Category:\|cat:B]] (0) cat:B-isotopes (0) Commons Wikidata: Wiktionary
indexes by PT (page) ക തി

Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers	view edit
Top image	view edit
image caption	view edit
image alt	view edit
Pronunciation	view edit
Category (enwiki)	view edit
Standard atomic weight	view edit
most stable isotope	view edit
Oxidation states	view edit
Spectral lines image	view edit

References

↑ Van Setten et al. 2007, pp. 2460–1
↑ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170: 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.
↑ Melanie Schroeder. "Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden" (PDF) (in ജർമ്മൻ). p. 139.
↑ Holcombe Jr., C. E.; Smith, D. D.; Lorc, J. D.; Duerlesen, W. K.; Carpenter; D. A. (October 1973). "Physical-Chemical Properties of beta-Rhombohedral Boron". High Temp. Sci. 5 (5): 349–57.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 4.127. ISBN 9781498754293.
↑ Gay Lussac, J.L.; Thenard, L.J. (1808). "Sur la décomposition et la recomposition de l'acide boracique". Annales de chimie. 68: 169–174. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
↑ Davy H (1809). "An account of some new analytical researches on the nature of certain bodies, particularly the alkalies, phosphorus, sulphur, carbonaceous matter, and the acids hitherto undecomposed: with some general observations on chemical theory". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 99: 39–104. doi:10.1098/rstl.1809.0005.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 "Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
↑ Szegedi, S.; Váradi, M.; Buczkó, Cs. M.; Várnagy, M.; Sztaricskai, T. (1990). "Determination of boron in glass by neutron transmission method". Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 146 (3): 177. doi:10.1007/BF02165219.

Five of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as

<ref name="v1" /> for the source Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF
<ref name="magnet" /> for the source from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
<ref name="NISTic" /> for the source Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements
<ref name="Lussac" /> for the source by Gay-Lussac
<ref name="Davy" /> for the source by Davy

ഫലകം:വിവരണം/ഭാഗം

[1] Van Setten et al. 2007, pp. 2460–1

[v1-2] Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170: 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.

[3] Melanie Schroeder. "Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden" (PDF) (in ജർമ്മൻ). p. 139.

[4] Holcombe Jr., C. E.; Smith, D. D.; Lorc, J. D.; Duerlesen, W. K.; Carpenter; D. A. (October 1973). "Physical-Chemical Properties of beta-Rhombohedral Boron". High Temp. Sci. 5 (5): 349–57.

[crc97-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 4.127. ISBN 9781498754293.

[Lussac-6] Gay Lussac, J.L.; Thenard, L.J. (1808). "Sur la décomposition et la recomposition de l'acide boracique". Annales de chimie. 68: 169–174. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

[Davy-7] Davy H (1809). "An account of some new analytical researches on the nature of certain bodies, particularly the alkalies, phosphorus, sulphur, carbonaceous matter, and the acids hitherto undecomposed: with some general observations on chemical theory". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 99: 39–104. doi:10.1098/rstl.1809.0005.

[NISTic-8] 8.0 ^8.1 "Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2008-09-21.

[9] Szegedi, S.; Váradi, M.; Buczkó, Cs. M.; Várnagy, M.; Sztaricskai, T. (1990). "Determination of boron in glass by neutron transmission method". Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 146 (3): 177. doi:10.1007/BF02165219.

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