ഗണിതത്തിലുപയോഗിക്കുന്ന ചിഹ്നങ്ങളുടെ പട്ടിക

ഈ താളിലെ ചില ഭാഗങ്ങൾ മലയാളത്തിലല്ല എഴുതിയിരിക്കുന്നത്. ഇതു മലയാളത്തിലേക്ക് മാറ്റിയെഴുതാൻ സഹായിക്കുക

ഇത് ഗണിതത്തിലുപയോഗിക്കുന്ന ചിഹ്നങ്ങളുടെ പട്ടികയാണ്. ഓരോ ചിഹ്നങ്ങളും എച്.ടി.എം.എൽ. ഇലും TeX ഇലും കാണിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു.

ഈ പട്ടിക അപൂർണ്ണമാണ്; ഈ താൾ വികസിപ്പിക്കുവാൻ സഹായിക്കുക.

ചിഹ്നങ്ങൾ

ചിഹ്നം HTML	ചിഹ്നം TeX	Name	വിശദീകരണം	ഉദാഹരണം
		വായിക്കേണ്ടത്
		Category
=	$=\!\,$	സമചിഹ്നം തുല്യമാണ്, സമമാണ് എല്ലായിടത്തും	x = y എന്നാൽ x ഉം y ഉം ഒരേ വിലയെ പ്രതിനിധാനം ചെയ്യുന്നു.	2 = 2 1 + 1 = 2
അസമചിഹ്നം	$\neq \!\,$	inequality തുല്യമല്ല, സമമല്ല എല്ലായിടത്തും	x ≠ y എന്നാൽ x ഉം y ഉം ഒരേ വിലയെ പ്രതിനിധാനം ചെയ്യുന്നില്ല. ( !=, /= or <> എന്നിവ പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ് ഭാഷയിലാണ് ഉപയോഗിക്കാറുള്ളത്. പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ് ആയാസരഹിതമാക്കുന്നതിന് വേണ്ടിയാണിത്.)	2 + 2 ≠ 5
< >	$<\!\,$ $>\!\,$	strict inequality നേക്കാൾ ചെറുതാണ്, നേക്കാൾ വലുതാണ് order theory	x < y എന്നാൽ y യെക്കാൾ ചെറുതാണ് x. x > y എന്നാൽ y യെക്കാൾ വലുതാണ് x.	3 < 4 5 > 4
		proper subgroup is a proper subgroup of ഗ്രൂപ്പ് സിദ്ധാന്തം	H < G means H is a proper subgroup of G.	5Z < Z A3  < S3
≪ ≫	$\ll \!\,$ $\gg \!\,$	(very) strict inequality is much less than, is much greater than order theory	x ≪ y means x is much less than y. x ≫ y means x is much greater than y.	0.003 ≪ 1000000
		asymptotic comparison is of smaller order than, is of greater order than അനലിറ്റിക് നമ്പർ തിയറി	f ≪ g means the growth of f is asymptotically bounded by g. (This is I. M. Vinogradov's notation. Another notation is the Big O notation, which looks like f = O(g).)	x ≪ ex
≤ ≥	$\leq \!\,$ $\geq \!\,$	inequality is less than or equal to, is greater than or equal to order theory	x ≤ y means x is less than or equal to y. x ≥ y means x is greater than or equal to y. (The forms <= and >= are generally used in programming languages where ease of typing and use of ASCII text is preferred.)	3 ≤ 4 and 5 ≤ 5 5 ≥ 4 and 5 ≥ 5
		subgroup is a subgroup of ഗ്രൂപ്പ് സിദ്ധാന്തം	H ≤ G means H is a subgroup of G.	Z ≤ Z A3  ≤ S3
		reduction is reducible to computational complexity theory	A ≤ B means the problem A can be reduced to the problem B. Subscripts can be added to the ≤ to indicate what kind of reduction.	If $\exists f\in F{\mbox{ . }}\forall x\in \mathbb {N} {\mbox{ . }}x\in A\Leftrightarrow f(x)\in B$ then $A\leq _{F}B$
≺	$\prec \!\,$	Karp reduction is Karp reducible to; is polynomial-time many-one reducible to computational complexity theory	L1 ≺ L2 means that the problem L1 is Karp reducible to L2.	If L1 ≺ L2 and L2 ∈ P, then L1 ∈ P.
∝	$\propto \!\,$	proportionality is proportional to; varies as എല്ലായിടത്തും	y ∝ x means that y = kx for some constant k.	if y = 2x, then y ∝ x.
		Karp reduction is Karp reducible to; is polynomial-time many-one reducible to computational complexity theory	A ∝ B means the problem A can be polynomially reduced to the problem B.	If L1 ∝ L2 and L2 ∈ P, then L1 ∈ P.
+	$+\!\,$	സങ്കലനം plus; add അങ്കഗണിതം	4 + 6 means the sum of 4 and 6.	2 + 7 = 9
		disjoint union the disjoint union of ... and ... set theory	A1 + A2 means the disjoint union of sets A1 and A2.	A1 = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∧ A2 = {7, 8, 9, 10} ⇒ A1 + A2 = {(3,1), (4,1), (5,1), (6,1), (7,2), (8,2), (9,2), (10,2)}
−	$-\!\,$	വ്യവകലനം minus; take; subtract അങ്കഗണിതം	9 − 4 means the subtraction of 4 from 9.	8 − 3 = 5
		negative sign negative; minus; the opposite of അങ്കഗണിതം	−3 means the negative of the number 3.	−(−5) = 5
		set-theoretic complement minus; without set theory	A − B means the set that contains all the elements of A that are not in B. (∖ can also be used for set-theoretic complement as described below.)	{1,2,4} − {1,3,4}  =  {2}
×	$\times \!\,$	ഗുണനം times; multiplied by അങ്കഗണിതം	3 × 4 means the multiplication of 3 by 4. (The symbol * is generally used in programming languages, where ease of typing and use of ASCII text is preferred.)	7 × 8 = 56
		Cartesian product the Cartesian product of ... and ...; the direct product of ... and ... set theory	X×Y means the set of all ordered pairs with the first element of each pair selected from X and the second element selected from Y.	{1,2} × {3,4} = {(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4)}
		സദിശ ഗുണകാങ്കം cross linear algebra	u × v means the cross product of vectors u and v	(1,2,5) × (3,4,−1) = (−22, 16, − 2)
		group of units the group of units of ring theory	R× consists of the set of units of the ring R, along with the operation of multiplication. This may also be written R* as described below, or U(R).	${\begin{aligned}(\mathbb {Z} /5\mathbb {Z} )^{\times }&=\{[1],[2],[3],[4]\}\\&\cong C_{4}\\\end{aligned}}$
·	$\cdot \!\,$	ഗുണനം times; multiplied by അങ്കഗണിതം	3 · 4 means the multiplication of 3 by 4.	7 · 8 = 56
		dot product dot linear algebra	u · v means the dot product of vectors u and v	(1,2,5) · (3,4,−1) = 6
÷ ⁄	$\div \!\,$ $/\!\,$	division (Obelus) divided by; over അങ്കഗണിതം	6 ÷ 3 or 6 ⁄ 3 means the division of 6 by 3.	2 ÷ 4 = 0.5 12 ⁄ 4 = 3
		quotient group mod ഗ്രൂപ്പ് സിദ്ധാന്തം	G / H means the quotient of group G modulo its subgroup H.	{0, a, 2a, b, b+a, b+2a} / {0, b} = {{0, b}, {a, b+a}, {2a, b+2a}}
		quotient set mod set theory	A/~ means the set of all ~ equivalence classes in A.	If we define ~ by x ~ y ⇔ x − y ∈ ℤ, then ℝ/~ = {x + n : n ∈ ℤ : x ∈ (0,1]}
±	$\pm \!\,$	plus-minus plus or minus അങ്കഗണിതം	6 ± 3 means both 6 + 3 and 6 − 3.	The equation x = 5 ± √4, has two solutions, x = 7 and x = 3.
		plus-minus plus or minus അളവ്	10 ± 2 or equivalently 10 ± 20% means the range from 10 − 2 to 10 + 2.	If a = 100 ± 1 mm, then a ≥ 99 mm and a ≤ 101 mm.
∓	$\mp \!\,$	minus-plus minus or plus അങ്കഗണിതം	6 ± (3 ∓ 5) means both 6 + (3 − 5) and 6 − (3 + 5).	cos(x ± y) = cos(x) cos(y) ∓ sin(x) sin(y).
√	$\surd \!\,$ ${\sqrt {\ }}\!\,$	വർഗ്ഗമൂലം the (principal) square root of വാസ്തവികസംഖ്യ	${\sqrt {x}}$ means the nonnegative number whose square is $x$.	${\sqrt {4}}=2$
		complex square root the (complex) square root of മിശ്രസംഖ്യ	if $z=r\,\exp(i\phi )$ is represented in polar coordinates with $-\pi <\phi \leq \pi$, then ${\sqrt {z}}={\sqrt {r}}\exp(i\phi /2)$.	${\sqrt {-1}}=i$
|…|	$|\ldots |\!\,$	absolute value or modulus absolute value of; modulus of സംഖ്യകൾ	|x| means the distance along the real line (or across the complex plane) between x and zero.	|3| = 3 |–5| = |5| = 5 | i | = 1 | 3 + 4i | = 5
		Euclidean norm or Euclidean length or magnitude Euclidean norm of ജ്യാമിതി	|x| means the (Euclidean) length of vector x.	For x = (3,-4) $|{\textbf {x}}|={\sqrt {3^{2}+(-4)^{2}}}=5$
		determinant determinant of matrix theory	|A| means the determinant of the matrix A	${\begin{vmatrix}1&2\\2&9\\\end{vmatrix}}=5$
		cardinality cardinality of; size of; order of set theory	|X| means the cardinality of the set X. (# may be used instead as described below.)	|{3, 5, 7, 9}| = 4.
||…||	$\|\ldots \|\!\,$	norm norm of; length of linear algebra	|| x || means the norm of the element x of a normed vector space.	|| x  + y || ≤  || x ||  +  || y ||
		nearest integer function nearest integer to സംഖ്യകൾ	||x|| means the nearest integer to x. (This may also be written [x], ⌊x⌉, nint(x) or Round(x).)	||1|| = 1, ||1.6|| = 2, ||−2.4|| = −2, ||3.49|| = 3
∣ ∤	$\mid \!\,$ $\nmid \!\,$	divisor, divides divides സംഖ്യാസിദ്ധാന്തം	a|b means a divides b. a∤b means a does not divide b. (This symbol can be difficult to type, and its negation is rare, so a regular but slightly shorter vertical bar | character can be used.)	Since 15 = 3×5, it is true that 3|15 and 5|15.
		conditional probability given probability	P(A|B) means the probability of the event a occurring given that b occurs.	if X is a uniformly random day of the year P(X is May 25 | X is in May) = 1/31
		restriction restriction of … to …; restricted to set theory	f|A means the function f restricted to the set A, that is, it is the function with domain A ∩ dom(f) that agrees with f.	The function f : R → R defined by f(x) = x2 is not injective, but f|R+ is injective.
		such that such that; so that എല്ലായിടത്തും	| means “such that”, see ":" (described below).	S = {(x,y) | 0 < y < f(x)} The set of (x,y) such that y is greater than 0 and less than f(x).
||	$\|\!\,$	parallel is parallel to ജ്യാമിതി	x || y means x is parallel to y.	If l || m and m ⊥ n then l ⊥ n.
		incomparability is incomparable to order theory	x || y means x is incomparable to y.	{1,2} || {2,3} under set containment.
		exact divisibility exactly divides സംഖ്യാസിദ്ധാന്തം	pa || n means pa exactly divides n (i.e. pa divides n but pa+1 does not).	23 || 360.
#	$\#\!\,$	cardinality cardinality of; size of; order of set theory	#X means the cardinality of the set X. (|…| may be used instead as described above.)	#{4, 6, 8} = 3
		connected sum connected sum of; knot sum of; knot composition of topology, knot theory	A#B is the connected sum of the manifolds A and B. If A and B are knots, then this denotes the knot sum, which has a slightly stronger condition.	A#Sm is homeomorphic to A, for any manifold A, and the sphere Sm.
ℵ	$\aleph \!\,$	aleph number aleph set theory	ℵα represents an infinite cardinality (specifically, the α-th one, where α is an ordinal).	|ℕ| = ℵ0, which is called aleph-null.
ℶ	$\beth \!\,$	beth number beth set theory	ℶα represents an infinite cardinality (similar to ℵ, but ℶ does not necessarily index all of the numbers indexed by ℵ. ).	$\beth _{1}=|P(\mathbb {N} )|=2^{\aleph _{0}}.$
𝔠	${\mathfrak {c}}\!\,$	cardinality of the continuum cardinality of the continuum; cardinality of the real numbers; c; set theory	The cardinality of $\mathbb {R}$ is denoted by $|\mathbb {R} |$ or by the symbol ${\mathfrak {c}}$ (a lowercase Fraktur letter C).	${\mathfrak {c}}={\beth }_{1}$
:	$:\!\,$	such that such that; so that എല്ലായിടത്തും	: means “such that”, and is used in proofs and the set-builder notation (described below).	∃ n ∈ ℕ: n is even.
		field extension extends; over field theory	K : F means the field K extends the field F. This may also be written as K ≥ F.	ℝ : ℚ
		inner product of matrices inner product of linear algebra	A : B means the Frobenius inner product of the matrices A and B. The general inner product is denoted by ⟨u, v⟩, ⟨u | v⟩ or (u | v), as described below. For spatial vectors, the dot product notation, x·y is common. See also Bra-ket notation.	$A:B=\sum _{i,j}A_{ij}B_{ij}\!\,$
		index of a subgroup index of subgroup ഗ്രൂപ്പ് സിദ്ധാന്തം	The index of a subgroup H in a group G is the "relative size" of H in G: equivalently, the number of "copies" (cosets) of H that fill up G	$|G:H|={\frac {|G|}{|H|}}$
!	$!\!\,$	ഫാക്റ്റോറിയൽ ഫാക്റ്റോറിയൽ combinatorics	n! means the product 1 × 2 × ... × n.	4! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24
		logical negation not propositional logic	The statement !A is true if and only if A is false. A slash placed through another operator is the same as "!" placed in front. (The symbol ! is primarily from computer science. It is avoided in mathematical texts, where the notation ¬A is preferred.)	!(!A) ⇔ A  x ≠ y  ⇔  !(x = y)
~	$\sim \!\,$	probability distribution has distribution സ്ഥിതിഗണിതം	X ~ D, means the random variable X has the probability distribution D.	X ~ N(0,1), the standard normal distribution
		row equivalence is row equivalent to matrix theory	A~B means that B can be generated by using a series of elementary row operations on A	${\begin{bmatrix}1&2\\2&4\\\end{bmatrix}}\sim {\begin{bmatrix}1&2\\0&0\\\end{bmatrix}}$
		same order of magnitude roughly similar; poorly approximates approximation theory	m ~ n means the quantities m and n have the same order of magnitude, or general size. (Note that ~ is used for an approximation that is poor, otherwise use ≈ .)	2 ~ 5 8 × 9 ~ 100 but π2 ≈ 10
		asymptotically equivalent is asymptotically equivalent to asymptotic analysis	f ~ g means $\lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {f(n)}{g(n)}}=1$.	x ~ x+1
		equivalence relation are in the same equivalence class എല്ലായിടത്തും	a ~ b means $b\in [a]$ (and equivalently $a\in [b]$).	1 ~ 5 mod 4
≈	$\approx \!\,$	approximately equal is approximately equal to എല്ലായിടത്തും	x ≈ y means x is approximately equal to y.	π ≈ 3.14159
		isomorphism is isomorphic to ഗ്രൂപ്പ് സിദ്ധാന്തം	G ≈ H means that group G is isomorphic (structurally identical) to group H. (≅ can also be used for isomorphic, as described below.)	Q / {1, −1} ≈ V, where Q is the quaternion group and V is the Klein four-group.
≀	$\wr \!\,$	wreath product wreath product of … by … ഗ്രൂപ്പ് സിദ്ധാന്തം	A ≀ H means the wreath product of the group A by the group H. This may also be written A wr H.	$S_{n}\wr Z_{2}$ is isomorphic to the automorphism group of the complete bipartite graph on (n,n) vertices.
◅ ▻	$\triangleleft \!\,$ $\triangleright \!\,$	normal subgroup is a normal subgroup of ഗ്രൂപ്പ് സിദ്ധാന്തം	N ◅ G means that N is a normal subgroup of group G.	Z(G) ◅ G
		ideal is an ideal of ring theory	I ◅ R means that I is an ideal of ring R.	(2) ◅ Z
		antijoin the antijoin of relational algebra	R ▻ S means the antijoin of the relations R and S, the tuples in R for which there is not a tuple in S that is equal on their common attribute names.	R $\triangleright$ S = R - R $\ltimes$ S
⋉ ⋊	$\ltimes \!\,$ $\rtimes \!\,$	semidirect product the semidirect product of ഗ്രൂപ്പ് സിദ്ധാന്തം	N ⋊φ H is the semidirect product of N (a normal subgroup) and H (a subgroup), with respect to φ. Also, if G = N ⋊φ H, then G is said to split over N. (⋊ may also be written the other way round, as ⋉, or as ×.)	$D_{2n}\cong C_{n}\rtimes C_{2}$
		semijoin the semijoin of relational algebra	R ⋉ S is the semijoin of the relations R and S, the set of all tuples in R for which there is a tuple in S that is equal on their common attribute names.	R $\ltimes$ S = $\Pi$a1,..,an(R $\bowtie$ S)
⋈	$\bowtie \!\,$	natural join the natural join of relational algebra	R ⋈ S is the natural join of the relations R and S, the set of all combinations of tuples in R and S that are equal on their common attribute names.
∴	$\therefore \!\,$	therefore therefore; so; hence എല്ലായിടത്തും	Sometimes used in proofs before logical consequences.	All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. ∴ Socrates is mortal.
∵	$\because \!\,$	because because; since എല്ലായിടത്തും	Sometimes used in proofs before reasoning.	3331 is prime ∵ it has no positive integer factors other than itself and one.
■ □ ∎ ▮ ‣	$\blacksquare \!\,$ $\Box \!\,$ $\blacktriangleright \!\,$	end of proof QED; tombstone; Halmos symbol എല്ലായിടത്തും	Used to mark the end of a proof. (May also be written Q.E.D.)
⇒ → ⊃	$\Rightarrow \!\,$ $\rightarrow \!\,$ $\supset \!\,$	material implication implies; if … then propositional logic, Heyting algebra	A ⇒ B means if A is true then B is also true; if A is false then nothing is said about B. (→ may mean the same as ⇒, or it may have the meaning for ഫലനംs given below.) (⊃ may mean the same as ⇒, or it may have the meaning for superset given below.)	x = 2  ⇒  x2 = 4 is true, but x2 = 4   ⇒  x = 2 is in general false (since x could be −2).
⇔ ↔	$\Leftrightarrow \!\,$ $\leftrightarrow \!\,$	material equivalence if and only if; iff propositional logic	A ⇔ B means A is true if B is true and A is false if B is false.	x + 5 = y + 2  ⇔  x + 3 = y
¬ ˜	$\neg \!\,$ $\sim \!\,$	logical negation not propositional logic	The statement ¬A is true if and only if A is false. A slash placed through another operator is the same as "¬" placed in front. (The symbol ~ has many other uses, so ¬ or the slash notation is preferred. Computer scientists will often use ! but this is avoided in mathematical texts.)	¬(¬A) ⇔ A x ≠ y  ⇔  ¬(x =  y)
∧	$\land \!\,$	logical conjunction or meet in a lattice and; min; meet propositional logic, lattice theory	The statement A ∧ B is true if A and B are both true; else it is false. For functions A(x) and B(x), A(x) ∧ B(x) is used to mean min(A(x), B(x)).	n < 4  ∧  n >2  ⇔  n = 3 when n is a എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യ.
		wedge product wedge product; exterior product linear algebra	u ∧ v means the wedge product of vectors u and v. This generalizes the cross product to higher dimensions. (For vectors in R3, × can also be used.)	$u\wedge v=u\times v,{\mbox{ if }}u,v\in \mathbb {R} ^{3}$
		exponentiation … (raised) to the power of … എല്ലായിടത്തും	a ^ b means a raised to the power of b (a ^ b is more commonly written ab. The symbol ^ is generally used in programming languages where ease of typing and use of plain ASCII text is preferred.)	2^3 = 23 = 8
∨	$\lor \!\,$	logical disjunction or join in a lattice or; max; join propositional logic, lattice theory	The statement A ∨ B is true if A or B (or both) are true; if both are false, the statement is false. For functions A(x) and B(x), A(x) ∨ B(x) is used to mean max(A(x), B(x)).	n ≥ 4  ∨  n ≤ 2  ⇔ n ≠ 3 when n is a എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യ.
⊕ ⊻	$\oplus \!\,$ $\veebar \!\,$	exclusive or xor propositional logic, Boolean algebra	The statement A ⊕ B is true when either A or B, but not both, are true. A ⊻ B means the same.	(¬A) ⊕ A is always true, A ⊕ A is always false.
		direct sum direct sum of അമൂർത്തബീജഗണിതം	The direct sum is a special way of combining several objects into one general object. (The bun symbol ⊕, or the coproduct symbol ∐, is used; ⊻ is only for logic.)	Most commonly, for vector spaces U, V, and W, the following consequence is used: U = V ⊕ W ⇔ (U = V + W) ∧ (V ∩ W = {0})
∀	$\forall \!\,$	universal quantification for all; for any; for each predicate logic	∀ x: P(x) means P(x) is true for all x.	∀ n ∈ ℕ: n2 ≥ n.
∃	$\exists \!\,$	existential quantification there exists; there is; there are predicate logic	∃ x: P(x) means there is at least one x such that P(x) is true.	∃ n ∈ ℕ: n is even.
∃!	$\exists !\!\,$	uniqueness quantification there exists exactly one predicate logic	∃! x: P(x) means there is exactly one x such that P(x) is true.	∃! n ∈ ℕ: n + 5 = 2n.
=: := ≡ :⇔ ≜ ≝ ≐	$=:\!\,$ $:=\!\,$ $\equiv \!\,$ $:\Leftrightarrow \!\,$ $\triangleq \!\,$ ${\overset {\underset {\mathrm {def} }{}}{=}}\!\,$ $\doteq \!\,$	definition is defined as; is equal by definition to എല്ലായിടത്തും	x := y, y =: x or x ≡ y means x is defined to be another name for y, under certain assumptions taken in context. (Some writers use ≡ to mean congruence). P :⇔ Q means P is defined to be logically equivalent to Q.	$\cosh x:={\frac {e^{x}+e^{-x}}{2}}$
≅	$\cong \!\,$	congruence is congruent to ജ്യാമിതി	△ABC ≅ △DEF means triangle ABC is congruent to (has the same measurements as) triangle DEF.
		isomorphic is isomorphic to അമൂർത്തബീജഗണിതം	G ≅ H means that group G is isomorphic (structurally identical) to group H. (≈ can also be used for isomorphic, as described above.)	$\mathbb {R} ^{2}\cong \mathbb {C}$.
≡	$\equiv \!\,$	congruence relation ... is congruent to ... modulo ... modular arithmetic	a ≡ b (mod n) means a − b is divisible by n	5 ≡ 2 (mod 3)
{ , }	${\{\ ,\!\ \}}\!\,$	ഗണം brackets the set of … set theory	{a,b,c} means the set consisting of a, b, and c.	ℕ = { 1, 2, 3, …}
{ : } { | }	$\{\ :\ \}\!\,$ $\{\ |\ \}\!\,$	set builder notation the set of … such that set theory	{x : P(x)} means the set of all x for which P(x) is true. {x | P(x)} is the same as {x : P(x)}.	{n ∈ ℕ : n2 < 20} = { 1, 2, 3, 4}
∅ { }	$\emptyset \!\,$ $\varnothing \!\,$ $\{\}\!\,$	empty set the empty set set theory	∅ means the set with no elements. { } means the same.	{n ∈ ℕ : 1 < n2 < 4} = ∅
∈ ∉	$\in \!\,$ $\notin \!\,$	set membership is an element of; is not an element of എല്ലായിടത്തും, set theory	a ∈ S means a is an element of the set S; a ∉ S means a is not an element of S.	(1/2)−1 ∈ ℕ 2−1 ∉ ℕ
⊆ ⊂	$\subseteq \!\,$ $\subset \!\,$	subset is a subset of set theory	(subset) A ⊆ B means every element of A is also an element of B. (proper subset) A ⊂ B means A ⊆ B but A ≠ B. (Some writers use the symbol ⊂ as if it were the same as ⊆.)	(A ∩ B) ⊆ A ℕ ⊂ ℚ ℚ ⊂ ℝ
⊇ ⊃	$\supseteq \!\,$ $\supset \!\,$	superset is a superset of set theory	A ⊇ B means every element of B is also an element of A. A ⊃ B means A ⊇ B but A ≠ B. (Some writers use the symbol ⊃ as if it were the same as ⊇.)	(A ∪ B) ⊇ B ℝ ⊃ ℚ
∪	$\cup \!\,$	set-theoretic union the union of … or …; union set theory	A ∪ B means the set of those elements which are either in A, or in B, or in both.	A ⊆ B  ⇔  (A ∪ B) = B
∩	$\cap \!\,$	set-theoretic intersection intersected with; intersect set theory	A ∩ B means the set that contains all those elements that A and B have in common.	{x ∈ ℝ : x2 = 1} ∩ ℕ = {1}
∆	$\vartriangle \!\,$	symmetric difference symmetric difference set theory	A ∆ B means the set of elements in exactly one of A or B. (Not to be confused with delta, Δ, described below.)	{1,5,6,8} ∆ {2,5,8} = {1,2,6}
∖	$\setminus \!\,$	set-theoretic complement minus; without set theory	A ∖ B means the set that contains all those elements of A that are not in B. (− can also be used for set-theoretic complement as described above.)	{1,2,3,4} ∖ {3,4,5,6} = {1,2}
→	$\to \!\,$	ഫലനം arrow from … to set theory, type theory	f: X → Y means the function f maps the set X into the set Y.	Let f: ℤ → ℕ∪{0} be defined by f(x) := x2.
↦	$\mapsto \!\,$	ഫലനം arrow maps to set theory	f: a ↦ b means the function f maps the element a to the element b.	Let f: x ↦ x+1 (the successor function).
∘	$\circ \!\,$	function composition composed with set theory	f∘g is the function, such that (f∘g)(x) = f(g(x)).	if f(x) := 2x, and g(x) := x + 3, then (f∘g)(x) = 2(x + 3).
ℕ N	$\mathbb {N} \!\,$ $\mathbf {N} \!\,$	എണ്ണൽ സംഖ്യകൾ N; the (set of) natural numbers സംഖ്യകൾ	N means either { 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} or { 1, 2, 3, ...}. The choice depends on the area of mathematics being studied; e.g. number theorists prefer the latter; analysts, set theorists and computer scientists prefer the former. To avoid confusion, always check an author's definition of N. Set theorists often use the notation ω (for least infinite ordinal) to denote the set of natural numbers (including zero), along with the standard ordering relation ≤.	ℕ = {|a| : a ∈ ℤ} or ℕ = {|a| > 0: a ∈ ℤ}
ℤ Z	$\mathbb {Z} \!\,$ $\mathbf {Z} \!\,$	പൂർണ്ണസംഖ്യകൾ Z; the (set of) integers സംഖ്യകൾ	ℤ means {..., −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. ℤ+ or ℤ> means {1, 2, 3, ...} . ℤ* or ℤ≥ means {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} .	ℤ = {p, −p : p ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}​}
ℤn ℤp Zn Zp	$\mathbb {Z} _{n}\!\,$ $\mathbb {Z} _{p}\!\,$ $\mathbf {Z} _{n}\!\,$ $\mathbf {Z} _{p}\!\,$	integers mod n Zn; the (set of) integers modulo n സംഖ്യകൾ	ℤn means {[0], [1], [2], ...[n−1]} with addition and multiplication modulo n. Note that any letter may be used instead of n, such as p. To avoid confusion with p-adic numbers, use ℤ/pℤ or ℤ/(p) instead.	ℤ3 = {[0], [1], [2]}
		p-adic integers the (set of) p-adic integers സംഖ്യകൾ	Note that any letter may be used instead of p, such as n or l.
ℙ P	$\mathbb {P} \!\,$ $\mathbf {P} \!\,$	projective space P; the projective space, the projective line, the projective plane topology	ℙ means a space with a point at infinity.	$\mathbb {P} ^{1}$,$\mathbb {P} ^{2}$
		probability the probability of probability theory	ℙ(X) means the probability of the event X occurring. This may also be written as P(X), Pr(X), P[X] or Pr[X].	If a fair coin is flipped, ℙ(Heads) = ℙ(Tails) = 0.5.
ℚ Q	$\mathbb {Q} \!\,$ $\mathbf {Q} \!\,$	ഭിന്നകങ്ങൾ Q; the (set of) rational numbers; ഭിന്നകങ്ങൾ സംഖ്യകൾ	ℚ എന്നാൽ {p/q : p ∈ ℤ, q ∈ ℕ}.	3.14000... ∈ ℚ π ∉ ℚ
ℝ R	$\mathbb {R} \!\,$ $\mathbf {R} \!\,$	വാസ്തവികസംഖ്യ R; the (set of) real numbers; the reals സംഖ്യകൾ	ℝ means the set of real numbers.	π ∈ ℝ √(−1) ∉ ℝ
ℂ C	$\mathbb {C} \!\,$ $\mathbf {C} \!\,$	മിശ്രസംഖ്യകൾ C; the (set of) complex numbers സംഖ്യകൾ	ℂ means {a + b i : a,b ∈ ℝ}.	i = √(−1) ∈ ℂ
ℍ H	$\mathbb {H} \!\,$ $\mathbf {H} \!\,$	quaternions or Hamiltonian quaternions H; the (set of) quaternions സംഖ്യകൾ	ℍ means {a + b i + c j + d k : a,b,c,d ∈ ℝ}.
O	$O$	Big O notation big-oh of Computational complexity theory	The Big O notation describes the limiting behavior of a ഫലനം, when the argument tends towards a particular value or അനന്തത.	If f(x) = 6x4 − 2x3 + 5 and g(x) = x4 , then $f(x)=O(g(x)){\mbox{ as }}x\to \infty \,$
∞	$\infty \!\,$	അനന്തത അനന്തത സംഖ്യകൾ	∞ is an element of the extended number line that is greater than all real numbers; it often occurs in limits.	$\lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {1}{|x|}}=\infty$
⌊…⌋	$\lfloor \ldots \rfloor \!\,$	floor floor; greatest integer; entier സംഖ്യകൾ	⌊x⌋ means the floor of x, i.e. the largest integer less than or equal to x. (This may also be written [x], floor(x) or int(x).)	⌊4⌋ = 4, ⌊2.1⌋ = 2, ⌊2.9⌋ = 2, ⌊−2.6⌋ = −3
⌈…⌉	$\lceil \ldots \rceil \!\,$	ceiling ceiling സംഖ്യകൾ	⌈x⌉ means the ceiling of x, i.e. the smallest integer greater than or equal to x. (This may also be written ceil(x) or ceiling(x).)	⌈4⌉ = 4, ⌈2.1⌉ = 3, ⌈2.9⌉ = 3, ⌈−2.6⌉ = −2
⌊…⌉	$\lfloor \ldots \rceil \!\,$	nearest integer function nearest integer to സംഖ്യകൾ	⌊x⌉ means the nearest integer to x. (This may also be written [x], ||x||, nint(x) or Round(x).)	⌊2⌉ = 2, ⌊2.6⌉ = 3, ⌊-3.4⌉ = -3, ⌊4.49⌉ = 4
[ : ]	$[\ :\ ]\!\,$	degree of a field extension the degree of field theory	[K : F] means the degree of the extension K : F.	[ℚ(√2) : ℚ] = 2 [ℂ : ℝ] = 2 [ℝ : ℚ] = ∞
[ ] [ , ] [ , , ]	$[\ ]\!\,$ $[\ ,\ ]\!\,$ $[\ ,\ ,\ ]\!\,$	equivalence class the equivalence class of അമൂർത്തബീജഗണിതം	[a] means the equivalence class of a, i.e. {x : x ~ a}, where ~ is an equivalence relation. [a]R means the same, but with R as the equivalence relation.	Let a ~ b be true iff a ≡ b (mod 5). Then [2] = {…, −8, −3, 2, 7, …}.
		floor floor; greatest integer; entier സംഖ്യകൾ	[x] means the floor of x, i.e. the largest integer less than or equal to x. (This may also be written ⌊x⌋, floor(x) or int(x). Not to be confused with the nearest integer function, as described below.)	[3] = 3, [3.5] = 3, [3.99] = 3, [−3.7] = −4
		nearest integer function nearest integer to സംഖ്യകൾ	[x] means the nearest integer to x. (This may also be written ⌊x⌉, ||x||, nint(x) or Round(x). Not to be confused with the floor function, as described above.)	[2] = 2, [2.6] = 3, [-3.4] = -3, [4.49] = 4
		Iverson bracket 1 if true, 0 otherwise propositional logic	[S] maps a true statement S to 1 and a false statement S to 0.	[0=5]=0, [7>0]=1, [2 ∈ {2,3,4}]=1, [5 ∈ {2,3,4}]=0
		image image of … under … എല്ലായിടത്തും	f[X] means { f(x) : x ∈ X }, the image of the function f under the set X ⊆ dom(f). (This may also be written as f(X) if there is no risk of confusing the image of f under X with the function application f of X. Another notation is Im f, the image of f under its domain.)	$\sin[\mathbb {R} ]=[-1,1]$
		closed interval closed interval order theory	$[a,b]=\{x\in \mathbb {R} :a\leq x\leq b\}$.	0 and 1/2 are in the interval [0,1].
		commutator the commutator of ഗ്രൂപ്പ് സിദ്ധാന്തം, ring theory	[g, h] = g−1h−1gh (or ghg−1h−1), if g, h ∈ G (a group). [a, b] = ab − ba, if a, b ∈ R (a ring or commutative algebra).	xy = x[x, y] (ഗ്രൂപ്പ് സിദ്ധാന്തം). [AB, C] = A[B, C] + [A, C]B (ring theory).
		triple scalar product the triple scalar product of vector calculus	[a, b, c] = a × b · c, the scalar product of a × b with c.	[a, b, c] = [b, c, a] = [c, a, b].
( ) ( , )	$(\ )\!\,$ $(\ ,\ )\!\,$	ഫലനം application of set theory	f(x) means the value of the function f at the element x.	If f(x) := x2, then f(3) = 32 = 9.
		image image of … under … എല്ലായിടത്തും	f(X) means { f(x) : x ∈ X }, the image of the function f under the set X ⊆ dom(f). (This may also be written as f[X] if there is a risk of confusing the image of f under X with the function application f of X. Another notation is Im f, the image of f under its domain.)	$\sin(\mathbb {R} )=[-1,1]$
		combinations (from) n choose r combinatorics	${\begin{pmatrix}n\\r\end{pmatrix}}$ means the number of combinations of r elements drawn from a set of n elements. (This may also be written as nCr.)	${\begin{pmatrix}5\\2\end{pmatrix}}=10$
		precedence grouping parentheses എല്ലായിടത്തും	Perform the operations inside the parentheses first.	(8/4)/2 = 2/2 = 1, but 8/(4/2) = 8/2 = 4.
		tuple tuple; n-tuple; ordered pair/triple/etc; row vector; sequence എല്ലായിടത്തും	An ordered list (or sequence, or horizontal vector, or row vector) of values. (Note that the notation (a,b) is ambiguous: it could be an ordered pair or an open interval. Set theorists and computer scientists often use angle brackets ⟨ ⟩ instead of parentheses.)	(a, b) is an ordered pair (or 2-tuple). (a, b, c) is an ordered triple (or 3-tuple). ( ) is the empty tuple (or 0-tuple).
		highest common factor highest common factor; greatest common divisor; hcf; gcd സംഖ്യാസിദ്ധാന്തം	(a, b) means the highest common factor of a and b. (This may also be written hcf(a, b) or gcd(a, b).)	(3, 7) = 1 (ഇവ സഹ-അഭാജ്യങ്ങളാണ്); (15, 25) = 5.
( , ) ] , [	$(\ ,\ )\!\,$ $]\ ,\ [\!\,$	open interval open interval order theory	$(a,b)=\{x\in \mathbb {R} :a<x<b\}$. (Note that the notation (a,b) is ambiguous: it could be an ordered pair or an open interval. The notation ]a,b[ can be used instead.)	4 is not in the interval (4, 18). (0, +∞) equals the set of positive real numbers.
( , ] ] , ]	$(\ ,\ ]\!\,$ $]\ ,\ ]\!\,$	left-open interval half-open interval; left-open interval order theory	$(a,b]=\{x\in \mathbb {R} :a<x\leq b\}$.	(−1, 7] and (−∞, −1]
[ , ) [ , [	$[\ ,\ )\!\,$ $[\ ,\ [\!\,$	right-open interval half-open interval; right-open interval order theory	$[a,b)=\{x\in \mathbb {R} :a\leq x<b\}$.	[4, 18) and [1, +∞)
⟨⟩ ⟨,⟩	$\langle \ \rangle \!\,$ $\langle \ ,\ \rangle \!\,$	inner product inner product of linear algebra	⟨u,v⟩ means the inner product of u and v, where u and v are members of an inner product space. Note that the notation ⟨u, v⟩ may be ambiguous: it could mean the inner product or the linear span. There are many variants of the notation, such as ⟨u | v⟩ and (u | v), which are described below. For spatial vectors, the dot product notation, x·y is common. For matrices, the colon notation A : B may be used. As ⟨ and ⟩ can be hard to type, the more “keyboard friendly” forms < and > are sometimes seen. These are avoided in mathematical texts.	The standard inner product between two vectors x = (2, 3) and y = (−1, 5) is: ⟨x, y⟩ = 2 × −1 + 3 × 5 = 13
		average average of സ്ഥിതിഗണിതം	let S be a subset of N for example, $\langle S\rangle$ represents the average of all the element in S.	for a time series :g(t) (t = 1, 2,...) we can define the structure functions Sq($\tau$): $S_{q}=\langle |g(t+\tau )-g(t)|^{q}\rangle _{t}$
		linear span (linear) span of; linear hull of linear algebra	⟨S⟩ means the span of S ⊆ V. That is, it is the intersection of all subspaces of V which contain S. ⟨u1, u2, …⟩is shorthand for ⟨{u1, u2, …}⟩. Note that the notation ⟨u, v⟩ may be ambiguous: it could mean the inner product or the linear span. The span of S may also be written as Sp(S).	$\left\langle \left({\begin{smallmatrix}1\\0\\0\end{smallmatrix}}\right),\left({\begin{smallmatrix}0\\1\\0\end{smallmatrix}}\right),\left({\begin{smallmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{smallmatrix}}\right)\right\rangle =\mathbb {R} ^{3}$.
		subgroup generated by a set the subgroup generated by ഗ്രൂപ്പ് സിദ്ധാന്തം	$\langle S\rangle$ means the smallest subgroup of G (where S ⊆ G, a group) containing every element of S. $\langle g_{1},g_{2},...\rangle$ is shorthand for $\langle {g_{1},g_{2},...}\rangle$.	In S3, $\langle (1\;2)\rangle =\{id,\;(1\;2)\}$ and $\langle (1\;2\;3)\rangle =\{id,\;(1\;2\;3),(1\;2\;3))\}$.
		tuple tuple; n-tuple; ordered pair/triple/etc; row vector; sequence എല്ലായിടത്തും	An ordered list (or sequence, or horizontal vector, or row vector) of values. (The notation (a,b) is often used as well.)	$\langle a,b\rangle$ is an ordered pair (or 2-tuple). $\langle a,b,c\rangle$ is an ordered triple (or 3-tuple). $\langle \rangle$ is the empty tuple (or 0-tuple).
⟨|⟩ (|)	$\langle \ |\ \rangle \!\,$ $(\ |\ )\!\,$	inner product inner product of linear algebra	⟨u | v⟩ means the inner product of u and v, where u and v are members of an inner product space. (u | v) means the same. Another variant of the notation is ⟨u, v⟩ which is described above. For spatial vectors, the dot product notation, x·y is common. For matrices, the colon notation A : B may be used. As ⟨ and ⟩ can be hard to type, the more “keyboard friendly” forms < and > are sometimes seen. These are avoided in mathematical texts.
|⟩	$|\ \rangle \!\,$	ket vector the ket …; the vector … Dirac notation	|φ⟩ means the vector with label φ, which is in a Hilbert space.	A qubit's state can be represented as α|0⟩+ β|1⟩, where α and β are complex numbers s.t. |α|2 + |β|2 = 1.
⟨|	$\langle \ |\!\,$	bra vector the bra …; the dual of … Dirac notation	⟨φ| means the dual of the vector |φ⟩, a linear functional which maps a ket |ψ⟩ onto the inner product ⟨φ|ψ⟩.
∑	$\sum \!\,$	summation sum over … from … to … of അങ്കഗണിതം	$\sum _{k=1}^{n}{a_{k}}$ means a1 + a2 + … + an.	$\sum _{k=1}^{4}{k^{2}}$ = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42  = 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 30
∏	$\prod \!\,$	പ്രോഡക്റ്റ് product over … from … to … of അങ്കഗണിതം	$\prod _{k=1}^{n}a_{k}$ means a1a2···an.	$\prod _{k=1}^{4}(k+2)$ = (1+2)(2+2)(3+2)(4+2) = 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 = 360
		Cartesian product the Cartesian product of; the direct product of set theory	$\prod _{i=0}^{n}{Y_{i}}$ means the set of all (n+1)-tuples (y0, …, yn).	$\prod _{n=1}^{3}{\mathbb {R} }=\mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} =\mathbb {R} ^{3}$
∐	$\coprod \!\,$	coproduct coproduct over … from … to … of category theory	A general construction which subsumes the disjoint union of sets and of topological spaces, the free product of groups, and the direct sum of modules and vector spaces. The coproduct of a family of objects is essentially the "least specific" object to which each object in the family admits a morphism.
′	$'\!\,$	derivative … prime; derivative of കലനം	f ′(x) means the derivative of the function f at the point x, i.e., the slope of the tangent to f at x. (The single-quote character ' is sometimes used instead, especially in ASCII text.)	If f(x) := x2, then f ′(x) = 2x
•	${\dot {\,}}\!\,$	derivative … dot; time derivative of കലനം	${\dot {x}}$ means the derivative of x with respect to time. That is ${\dot {x}}(t)={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}x(t)$.	If x(t) := t2, then ${\dot {x}}(t)=2t$.
∫	$\int \!\,$	indefinite integral or antiderivative indefinite integral of the antiderivative of കലനം	∫ f(x) dx means a function whose derivative is f.	∫x2 dx = x3/3 + C
		definite integral integral from … to … of … with respect to കലനം	∫ab f(x) dx means the signed area between the x-axis and the graph of the ഫലനം f between x = a and x = b.	∫ab x2 dx = b3/3 − a3/3;
		line integral line/path/curve integral of … along … കലനം	∫C f ds means the integral of f along the curve C, $\textstyle \int _{a}^{b}f(\mathbf {r} (t))|\mathbf {r} '(t)|\,dt$, where r is a parametrization of C. (If the curve is closed, the symbol ∮ may be used instead, as described below.)
∮	$\oint \!\,$	Contour integral or closed line integral contour integral of കലനം	Similar to the integral, but used to denote a single integration over a closed curve or loop. It is sometimes used in physics texts involving equations regarding Gauss's Law, and while these formulas involve a closed surface integral, the representations describe only the first integration of the volume over the enclosing surface. Instances where the latter requires simultaneous double integration, the symbol ∯ would be more appropriate. A third related symbol is the closed volume integral, denoted by the symbol ∰. The contour integral can also frequently be found with a subscript capital letter C, ∮C, denoting that a closed loop integral is, in fact, around a contour C, or sometimes dually appropriately, a circle C. In representations of Gauss's Law, a subscript capital S, ∮S, is used to denote that the integration is over a closed surface.	If C is a Jordan curve about 0, then $\oint _{C}{1 \over z}\,dz=2\pi i$.
∇	$\nabla \!\,$	gradient del, nabla, gradient of vector calculus	∇f (x1, …, xn) is the vector of partial derivatives (∂f / ∂x1, …, ∂f / ∂xn).	If f (x,y,z) := 3xy + z², then ∇f = (3y, 3x, 2z)
		divergence del dot, divergence of vector calculus	$\nabla \cdot {\vec {v}}={\partial v_{x} \over \partial x}+{\partial v_{y} \over \partial y}+{\partial v_{z} \over \partial z}$	If ${\vec {v}}:=3xy\mathbf {i} +y^{2}z\mathbf {j} +5\mathbf {k}$, then $\nabla \cdot {\vec {v}}=3y+2yz$.
		curl curl of vector calculus	$\nabla \times {\vec {v}}=\left({\partial v_{z} \over \partial y}-{\partial v_{y} \over \partial z}\right)\mathbf {i}$ $+\left({\partial v_{x} \over \partial z}-{\partial v_{z} \over \partial x}\right)\mathbf {j} +\left({\partial v_{y} \over \partial x}-{\partial v_{x} \over \partial y}\right)\mathbf {k}$	If ${\vec {v}}:=3xy\mathbf {i} +y^{2}z\mathbf {j} +5\mathbf {k}$, then $\nabla \times {\vec {v}}=-y^{2}\mathbf {i} -3x\mathbf {k}$.
∂	$\partial \!\,$	partial derivative partial, d കലനം	∂f/∂xi means the partial derivative of f with respect to xi, where f is a function on (x1, …, xn).	If f(x,y) := x2y, then ∂f/∂x = 2xy
		boundary boundary of topology	∂M means the boundary of M	∂{x : ||x|| ≤ 2} = {x : ||x|| = 2}
		degree of a polynomial degree of ബീജഗണിതം	∂f means the degree of the polynomial f. (This may also be written deg f.)	∂(x2 − 1) = 2
Δ	$\Delta \!\,$	delta delta; change in കലനം	Δx means a (non-infinitesimal) change in x. (If the change becomes infinitesimal, δ and even d are used instead. Not to be confused with the symmetric difference, written ∆, above.)	${\tfrac {\Delta x}{\Delta y}}$ is the gradient of a straight line
		Laplacian Laplace operator vector calculus	The Laplace operator is a second order differential operator in n-dimensional Euclidean space	If ƒ is a twice-differentiable real-valued function, then the Laplacian of ƒ is defined by $\Delta f=\nabla ^{2}f=\nabla \cdot \nabla f$
δ	$\delta \!\,$	Dirac delta function Dirac delta of hyperfunction	$\delta (x)={\begin{cases}\infty ,&x=0\\0,&x\neq 0\end{cases}}$	δ(x)
		Kronecker delta Kronecker delta of hyperfunction	$\delta _{ij}={\begin{cases}1,&i=j\\0,&i\neq j\end{cases}}$	δij
π	$\pi \!\,$	projection Projection of relational algebra	$\pi _{a_{1},...,a_{n}}(R)$ restricts $R$ to the $\{a_{1},...,a_{n}\}$ attribute set.	$\pi _{Age,Weight}(Person)$
		Pi 3.1415926_ or ≈22÷7	Used in various formulas involving circles; π is equivalent to the amount of area a circle would take up in a square of equal width with an area of 4 square units, roughly 3.14/4. It is also the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle.	A=πR2=314.16→R=10
σ	$\sigma \!\,$	selection Selection of relational algebra	The selection $\sigma _{a\theta b}(R)$ selects all those tuples in $R$ for which $\theta$ holds between the $a$ and the $b$ attribute. The selection $\sigma _{a\theta v}(R)$ selects all those tuples in $R$ for which $\theta$ holds between the $a$ attribute and the value $v$.	$\sigma _{Age\geq 34}(Person)$ $\sigma _{Age=Weight}(Person)$
<: <·	$<:\!\,$ ${<}{\cdot }\!\,$	cover is covered by order theory	x <• y means that x is covered by y.	{1, 8} <• {1, 3, 8} among the subsets of {1, 2, …, 10} ordered by containment.
		subtype is a subtype of type theory	T1 <: T2 means that T1 is a subtype of T2.	If S <: T and T <: U then S <: U (transitivity).
†	${}^{\dagger }\!\,$	conjugate transpose conjugate transpose; Hermitian adjoint/conjugate/transpose; adjoint matrix operations	A† means the transpose of the complex conjugate of A. This may also be written A*T, AT*, A*, AT or AT.	If A = (aij) then A† = (aji).
T	${}^{\mathsf {T}}\!\,$	transpose transpose matrix operations	AT means A, but with its rows swapped for columns. This may also be written A', At or Atr.	If A = (aij) then AT = (aji).
⊤	$\top \!\,$	top element the top element lattice theory	⊤ means the largest element of a lattice.	∀x : x ∨ ⊤ = ⊤
		top type the top type; top type theory	⊤ means the top or universal type; every type in the type system of interest is a subtype of top.	∀ types T, T <: ⊤
⊥	$\bot \!\,$	perpendicular is perpendicular to ജ്യാമിതി	x ⊥ y means x is perpendicular to y; or more generally x is orthogonal to y.	If l ⊥ m and m ⊥ n in the plane then l || n.
		orthogonal complement orthogonal/perpendicular complement of; perp linear algebra	W⊥ means the orthogonal complement of W (where W is a subspace of the inner product space V), the set of all vectors in V orthogonal to every vector in W.	Within $\mathbb {R} ^{3}$, $(\mathbb {R} ^{2})^{\perp }\cong \mathbb {R}$.
		സഹ-അഭാജ്യം is coprime to സംഖ്യാസിദ്ധാന്തം	x ⊥ y means x has no factor greater than 1 in common with y.	34  ⊥  55.
		independent is independent of probability	A ⊥ B means A is an event whose probability is independent of event B.	If A ⊥ B, then P(A|B) = P(A).
		bottom element the bottom element lattice theory	⊥ means the smallest element of a lattice.	∀x : x ∧ ⊥ = ⊥
		bottom type the bottom type; bot type theory	⊥ means the bottom type (a.k.a. the zero type or empty type); bottom is the subtype of every type in the type system.	∀ types T, ⊥ <: T
		comparability is comparable to order theory	x ⊥ y means that x is comparable to y.	{e, π} ⊥ {1, 2, e, 3, π} under set containment.
⊧	$\vDash \!\,$	entailment entails model theory	A ⊧ B means the sentence A entails the sentence B, that is in every model in which A is true, B is also true.	A ⊧ A ∨ ¬A
⊢	$\vdash \!\,$	inference infers; is derived from propositional logic, predicate logic	x ⊢ y means y is derivable from x.	A → B ⊢ ¬B → ¬A.
		partition is a partition of സംഖ്യാസിദ്ധാന്തം	p ⊢ n means that p is a partition of n.	(4,3,1,1)  ⊢  9, $\sum _{\lambda \vdash n}(f_{\lambda })^{2}=n!$.
⊗	$\otimes \!\,$	tensor product, tensor product of modules tensor product of linear algebra	$V\otimes U$ means the tensor product of V and U. $V\otimes _{R}U$ means the tensor product of modules V and U over the ring R.	{1, 2, 3, 4} ⊗ {1, 1, 2} = {{1, 2, 3, 4}, {1, 2, 3, 4}, {2, 4, 6, 8}}
*	$*\!\,$	ഗുണനം times; multiplied by അങ്കഗണിതം	a * b means the product of a and b. (Multiplication can also be denoted with × or ⋅, or even simple juxtaposition. * is generally used where ease of typing and use of ASCII text is preferred, such as programming languages.)	4 * 3 means the product of 4 and 3, or 12.
		convolution convolution, convolved with functional analysis	f * g means the convolution of f and g.	$(f*g)(t)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }f(\tau )g(t-\tau )\,d\tau$.
		complex conjugate conjugate മിശ്രസംഖ്യ	z* means the complex conjugate of z. (${\bar {z}}$ can also be used for the conjugate of z, as described below.)	$(3+4i)^{\ast }=3-4i$.
		group of units the group of units of ring theory	R* consists of the set of units of the ring R, along with the operation of multiplication. This may also be written R× as described above, or U(R).	${\begin{aligned}(\mathbb {Z} /5\mathbb {Z} )^{\ast }&=\{[1],[2],[3],[4]\}\\&\cong C_{4}\\\end{aligned}}$
		hyperreal numbers the (set of) hyperreals non-standard analysis	*R means the set of hyperreal numbers. Other sets can be used in place of R.	*N is the hypernatural numbers.
		Hodge dual Hodge dual, Hodge star linear algebra	*v means the Hodge dual of a vector v. If v is a k-vector within an n-dimensional oriented inner product space, then *v is an (n−k)-vector.	If $\{e_{i}\}$ are the standard basis vectors of $\mathbb {R} ^{5}$, $*(e_{1}\wedge e_{2}\wedge e_{3})=e_{4}\wedge e_{5}$
o	$\circ \!\,$	Hadamard product entrywise product linear algebra	For two matrices (or vectors) of the same dimensions $A,B\in {\mathbb {R} }^{m\times n}$ the Hadamard product is a matrix of the same dimensions $A\circ B\in {\mathbb {R} }^{m\times n}$ with elements given by $(A\circ B)_{i,j}=(A)_{i,j}\cdot (B)_{i,j}$. This is often used in matrix based programming such as MATLAB where the operation is done by A.*B	${\begin{bmatrix}1&2\\2&4\\\end{bmatrix}}\circ {\begin{bmatrix}1&2\\0&0\\\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&4\\0&0\\\end{bmatrix}}$
x	${\bar {x}}\!\,$	mean overbar, … bar സ്ഥിതിഗണിതം	${\bar {x}}$ (often read as “x bar”) is the mean (average value of $x_{i}$).	$x=\{1,2,3,4,5\};{\bar {x}}=3$.
		complex conjugate conjugate മിശ്രസംഖ്യ	${\overline {z}}$ means the complex conjugate of z. (z* can also be used for the conjugate of z, as described above.)	${\overline {3+4i}}=3-4i$.
		algebraic closure algebraic closure of field theory	${\overline {F}}$ is the algebraic closure of the field F.	The field of algebraic numbers is sometimes denoted as ${\overline {\mathbb {Q} }}$ because it is the algebraic closure of the ഭിന്നകങ്ങൾ ${\mathbb {Q} }$.
		topological closure (topological) closure of topology	${\overline {S}}$ is the topological closure of the set S. This may also be denoted as cl(S) or Cl(S).	In the space of the real numbers, ${\overline {\mathbb {Q} }}=\mathbb {R}$ (the rational numbers are dense in the real numbers).

Variations

In mathematics written in Arabic, some symbols may be reversed to make right-to-left writing and reading easier.

പുറത്തെ കണ്ണികൾ

• The complete set of mathematics Unicode characters Archived 2018-09-21 at the Wayback Machine.
• Jeff Miller: Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols
• Numericana: Scientific Symbols and Icons
• TCAEP - Institute of Physics Archived 2004-08-29 at the Wayback Machine.
• GIF and PNG Images for Math Symbols
• Mathematical Symbols in Unicode Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine.
• Using Greek and special characters from Symbol font in HTML
• Unicode Math Symbols - a quick form for using unicode math symbols.
• DeTeXify handwritten symbol recognition — doodle a symbol in the box, and the program will tell you what its name is

Some Unicode charts of mathematical operators:

• Index of Unicode symbols
• Range 2100 – 214F: Letterlike Symbols
• Range 2190 – 21FF: Arrows
• Range 2200 – 22FF: Unicode Mathematical Operators

Some Unicode cross-references:

• Short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols and Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List Archived 2009-03-23 at the Wayback Machine.
• MathML Characters - sorts out Unicode, HTML and MathML/TeX names on one page
• Unicode values and MathML names
• Unicode values and Postscript names Archived 2014-11-26 at the Wayback Machine. from the source code for Ghostscript