വിക്കിപീഡിയ

കോപ്ലി മെഡൽ

(Copley Medal എന്ന താളിൽ നിന്നും തിരിച്ചുവിട്ടതു പ്രകാരം)

ഏതെങ്കിലും ഒരു ശാസ്ത്രശാഖയിൽ മികച്ച സംഭാവനകൾ നൽകിയ വ്യക്തിക്ക് ലണ്ടനിലെ റോയൽ സൊസൈറ്റി നൽകുന്ന പുരസ്കാരമാണ് കോപ്ലി മെഡൽ (ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് : Copley Medal). ഒരു ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രശാഖയ്ക്ക് ഒരു വർഷം പുരസ്കാരം നൽകിയാൽ, തൊട്ടടുത്ത വർഷം നൽകുന്നത് ഒരു ജീവശാസ്ത്രശാഖയ്ക്കായിരിക്കും.[1]

Royal Society Copley Medal
The Copley Medal awarded to Joseph Lister in 1902.
അവാർഡ്Outstanding research in any branch of science
SponsorRoyal Society
രാജ്യംUnited Kingdom
ആദ്യം നൽകിയത്1731; 293 വർഷങ്ങൾ മുമ്പ് (1731)
ഔദ്യോഗിക വെബ്സൈറ്റ്Copley Medal

റോയൽ സൊസൈറ്റി നൽകിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്ന പുരസ്കാരങ്ങളിൽ ഏറ്റവും പഴക്കമുള്ളതാണ് ഈ പുരസ്കാരം. ഗണിതശാസ്ത്രരംഗത്തെ ഫീൽഡ്സ് മെഡൽ, ആബേൽ പുരസ്കാരം എന്നിവയെക്കാളും പഴക്കമുള്ളതാണ് ഈ പുരസ്കാരം.[2] അതിനാൽ തന്നെ ലോകത്ത് ഇപ്പോഴും നൽകിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്ന പഴക്കമേറിയ പുരസ്കാരകാരങ്ങളിലൊന്നാണിത്.

1731-ൽ ഈ പുരസ്കാരം ആദ്യമായി ലഭിച്ചത് സ്റ്റീഫൻ ഗ്രേയ്ക്കായിരുന്നു. വൈദ്യുതിയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട പരീക്ഷണങ്ങളാണ് അദ്ദേഹത്തെ പുരസ്കാരത്തിനർഹനാക്കിയത്.[3]

ചരിത്രം

തിരുത്തുക

സർ. ഗോഡ്ഫ്രെ കോപ്ലി (Sir. Godfrey Copley) പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ നടത്തുന്നതിനായി സംഭാവന നൽകിയ നൂറ് പൗണ്ട് (£100) പണം ഉപയോഗിച്ചു നിർമ്മിച്ചതാണ് കോപ്ലി മെഡൽ. ഈ പണത്തിൽ നിന്നും കിട്ടിയിരുന്ന പലിശ അനേകം വർഷങ്ങളിൽ പുരസ്കാര ദാനത്തിനായി ഉപയോഗിച്ചിരുന്നു.[4]

പുരസ്കാരം നൽകുന്നതിനുള്ള മാനദണ്ഡങ്ങളിൽ പല തവണ മാറ്റം വരുത്തിയിരുന്നു. മികച്ച അംഗീകാരം നേടിയ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ നടത്തിയ ഗവേഷകനു മാത്രം പുരസ്കാരം നൽകുന്ന രീതിയാണ് 1736 മുതൽ പിന്തുടർന്നു വന്നത്. 1831 മുതൽ റോയൽ സൊസൈറ്റി കൗൺസിൽ അംഗീകരിക്കുന്ന വ്യക്തിക്കു മാത്രം പുരസ്കാരം നൽകുന്ന രീതിക്കു തുടക്കം കുറിച്ചു.[4]

1881-ൽ സർ. ജോസഫ് വില്യം കോപ്ലി (Sir Joseph William Copley) 1666 പൗണ്ട് പണം (£1666) സംഭാവനയായി നൽകുകയും അതിന്റെ പലിശയുപയോഗിച്ച് പിന്നീടുള്ള വർഷങ്ങളിൽ പുരസ്കാരം നൽകുകയും ചെയ്തു.[4]

ഇപ്പോൾ നൽകുന്നത് വെള്ളിയിൽ സ്വർണ്ണം പൂശിയ മെഡലും 5000 പൗണ്ട് (£5000) പണവുമാണ്.

ചില നേട്ടങ്ങൾ

തിരുത്തുക
 
ജോൺ തിയോഫലസ് ദേസാഗുലിയേഴ്സ് (John Theophilus Desaguliers)
ഇദ്ദേഹം മൂന്ന് തവണ കോപ്ലി മെഡൽ നേടിയിട്ടുണ്ട്.
  • ആദ്യത്തെ (ഏക) വനിത - ഡോറതി ഹോഡ്ജ്കിൻ (1976). 2015 വരെ മറ്റൊരു വനിതയും പുരസ്കാരം നേടിയിട്ടില്ല.

പുരസ്കാര ജേതാക്കൾ

തിരുത്തുക

1731 മുതൽ 1749 വരെ

തിരുത്തുക
വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
1731   സ്റ്റീഫൻ ഗ്രേ


(Stephen Gray)

വൈദ്യുതിയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [5]
1732   സ്റ്റീഫൻ ഗ്രേ


(Stephen Gray)

1732-ലെ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [5]
1733   നൽകിയില്ല. — —
1734   ജോൺ തിയോഫലസ് ദേസാഗ്വിലിയേഴ്സ്


(John Theophilus Desaguliers)

വിവിധ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [6]
1735   നൽകിയില്ല. — —
1736   ജോൺ തിയോഫലസ് ദേസാഗ്വിലിയേഴ്സ്


(John Theophilus Desaguliers)

ഈ വർഷത്തെ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [6]
1737   ജോൺ ബെൽക്കിയർ


(John Belchier)

മൃഗങ്ങളുടെ അസ്ഥികളിൽ നടത്തിയ പഠനങ്ങൾ [7]
1738   ജെയിംസ് വാലോ
(James Valoue) 		വെസ്റ്റ് മെനിസ്റ്ററിൽ ഒരു പാലം നിർമ്മിക്കുന്നതിനു സഹായകരമായ യന്ത്രം കണ്ടെത്തി, സാമൂഹ്യ സേവനം —
1739   സ്റ്റീഫൻ ഹെയ്ൽസ്


(Stephen Hales)

മൂത്രത്തിലെ കല്ല് അലിയിപ്പിച്ചു കളയുന്ന മരുന്നുകൾ കണ്ടെത്തി, കപ്പലുകളിൽ ഇറച്ചി കേടുകൂടാതെ സൂക്ഷിക്കാനുള്ള പ്രിസർവേറ്റീവുകൾ കണ്ടെത്തി [8]
1740   അലക്സാണ്ടർ സ്റ്റുവർട്ട്


(Alexander Stuart)

അസ്ഥികളുടെ ചലനം സംബന്ധിച്ച പഠനം, സാമൂഹ്യ സേവനം. [9]
1741   ജോൺ തിയോഫലസ് ദേസാഗ്വിലിയേഴ്സ്
(John Theophilus Desaguliers) 		വൈദ്യുതിയുടെ പ്രത്യേകതകൾ കണ്ടെത്താനുള്ള പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [6]
1742   ക്രിസ്റ്റഫർ മിഡിൽടൺ


(Christopher Middleton)

ഹഡ്സൺ ഉൾക്കടലിലൂടെ ഈസ്റ്റ് ഇൻഡീസിൽ എത്തിച്ചേരുവാനുള്ള വഴി കണ്ടെത്താൻ നടത്തിയ ശ്രമങ്ങൾ [10]
1743   എബ്രഹാം ട്രെമ്പ്ലി


(Abraham Trembley)

പോളിപ്പസിൽ(Polypus) നടത്തിയ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ —
1744   ഹെൻറി ബേക്കർ


(Henry Baker)

ക്രിസ്റ്റലൈസേഷൻ സംബന്ധമായ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [11]
1745   വില്യം വാട്സൺ


(William Watson)

വൈദ്യുതി സംബന്ധമായ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [12]
1746   ബെഞ്ചമിൻ റോബിൻസ്


(Benjamin Robins)

വായുവിന്റെ പ്രതിരോധം, പ്രൊജക്ടൈൽ ചലനം സംബന്ധമായ സിദ്ധാന്തം [13]
1747   ഗോവിൻ നൈറ്റ്


(Gowin Knight)

സ്വാഭാവിക കാന്തങ്ങൾ, കൃത്രിമ കാന്തങ്ങൾ എന്നിവ സംബന്ധിച്ച പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [14]
1748   ജെയിംസ് ബ്രാഡ്ലി


(James Bradley)

നക്ഷത്രങ്ങളുടെ ചലനം സംബന്ധമായ കണ്ടെത്തലുകൾ [15]
1749   ജോൺ ഹാരിസൺ


(John Harrison)

കൃത്യമായി സമയം അളക്കുവാനുള്ള ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ കണ്ടെത്തി. [16]

1750 മുതൽ 1799 വരെ

തിരുത്തുക
വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
1750   ജോർജ് എഡ്വേർഡ്സ്


(George Edwards)

എ നാച്ചുറൽ ഹിസ്റ്ററി ഓഫ് ബേർഡ്സ് എന്ന ഗ്രന്ഥമെഴുതി. ഇതിൽ 209 പക്ഷികൾ, നാൽക്കാലി മൃഗങ്ങൾ, പാമ്പുകൾ, മത്സ്യങ്ങൾ, ഷഡ്പദങ്ങൾ, എന്നിവയുടെ ഇരുപതോളം വരുന്ന അപൂർവ്വയിനം സ്പീഷീസുകളെക്കുറിച്ച് ചിത്രങ്ങൾ സഹിതമുള്ള വിവരണങ്ങളുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. [17]
1751   ജോൺ കാന്റൺ


( John Canton)

സ്വാഭാവിക കാന്തങ്ങളുടെ സഹായമില്ലാതെ കൃത്രിമ കാന്തങ്ങൾ നിർമ്മിക്കുന്ന രീതികൾ [18]
1752   ജോൺ പ്രിൻഗിൾ


( John Pringle)

സെപ്റ്റിക്, ആന്റി സെപ്റ്റിക് പദാർത്ഥങ്ങളിൽ നടത്തിയ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [19]
1753   ബെഞ്ചമിൻ ഫ്രാങ്ക്ലിൻ


( Benjamin Franklin)

വൈദ്യുതിയിലെ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [20]
1754   വില്യം ലിവിസ്


( William Lewis)

സ്വർണ്ണത്തെ കൃത്രിമ അഭിരുചികളുള്ളതാക്കിത്തീർക്കുവാൻ പ്ലാന്റിനയിൽ നടത്തിയ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [21]
1755   ജോൺ ഹക്സം


( John Huxham)

ആന്റിമണിയിൽ നടത്തിയ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [22]
1756   നൽകിയില്ല — —
  ലോർഡ് ചാൾസ് കാവൻഡിഷ്


( Lord Charles Cavendish)

തെർമോമീറ്റർ നിർമ്മാണം [14]
1758   ജോൺ ഡൊളൊണ്ട്


( John Dollond)

പ്രകാശത്തിൻറെ റിഫ്രാൻജിബിളിറ്റി സംബന്ധിച്ച നിരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [23]
1759   ജോൺ സ്മീറ്റൺ


( John Smeaton)

ജലവും കാറ്റുമുപയോഗിച്ച് മിൽ പ്രവർത്തിപ്പിക്കാൻ നടത്തിയ ശ്രമങ്ങൾ [24]
1760   ബെഞ്ചമിൻ വിൽസൺ


( Benjamin Wilson (painter))

വൈദ്യുതിയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട നിരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [25]
1761   നൽകിയില്ല — —
1762   നൽകിയില്ല — —
1763   നൽകിയില്ല — —
1764   ജോൺ കാന്റൺ


( John Canton)

ജലത്തിന്റെയും മറ്റു ദ്രാവകങ്ങളുടെയും ചുരുങ്ങുവാനുള്ള കഴിവു തെളിയിക്കാൻ എയർ പമ്പിലും കണ്ടെൻസിങ് എഞ്ചിനിലും നടത്തിയ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [18]
1765   നൽകിയില്ല — —
1766   വില്യം ബ്രൗൺറിഗ്,

എഡ്വേർഡ് ഡെലവൽ,

ഹെൻറി കാവൻഡിഷ്
( William Brownrigg), Edward Delaval and

Henry Cavendish)

സ്പിരിറ്റിന്റെ പ്രത്യേകതകൾ കണ്ടെത്തുന്നതിനായി നടത്തിയ ശ്രമങ്ങൾ (ബ്രൗൺറിഗ്)

ലോഹങ്ങളുടെ സ്വഭാവത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് നടത്തിയ പഠനങ്ങൾ (ഡെലവൽ)

വായുവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ (കാവൻഡിഷ്)

[26]
1767   ജോൺ എലിസ്


(John Ellis (naturalist))

കൊറാലിന, ആക്ടിനിയ സൊസിയേറ്റ തുടങ്ങിയ പുഷ്പങ്ങൾ മൃഗസ്വഭാവം പ്രദർശിപ്പിക്കുന്നതിനെ സംബന്ധിച്ച 1767-ലെ പ്രബന്ധം. [27]
1768   പീറ്റർ വുൾഫ്


( Peter Woulfe)

ആസിഡ്, ആൽക്കലി എന്നിവയെ വാറ്റിയെടുക്കുന്നതുമായി പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [28]
1769   വില്യം ഹ്യൂസൺ


( William Hewson (surgeon))

ഉഭയ ജീവികളിലും മത്സ്യങ്ങളിലും ലിംഫ് വ്യവസ്ഥയെ സംബന്ധിച്ച പഠനം —
1770   വില്യം ഹാമിൽട്ടൺ


( William Hamilton (diplomat))

മൗണ്ട് എറ്റ്നയിലേക്കുള്ള യാത്ര സംബന്ധിച്ച പ്രബന്ധം [29]
1771   മാത്യു റെയ്പർ


( Matthew Raper)

"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money" —
1772   ജോസഫ് പ്രീസ്ലി


( Joseph Priestley)

വിവിധ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ
1773   ജോൺ വാൽഷ്


( John Walsh (scientist))

"For his Paper on the Torpedo" [30]
1774   നൽകിയില്ല — —
1775   നെവിൽ മസ്കെലൈൻ


( Nevil Maskelyne)

പർവ്വതങ്ങളുടെ പഠനം [31]
1776   ജെയിംസ് കുക്ക്


( James Cook)

എച്ച്.എം. ഷിപ്പ് ദി റെസല്യൂഷൻ എന്ന കപ്പലിലെ ജോലിക്കാരുടെ ആരോഗ്യ സംരക്ഷിക്കുവാനുള്ള മാർഗ്ഗങ്ങൾ അവതരിപ്പിച്ചു [32]
1777   ജോൺ മഡ്ജ്


( John Mudge)

റിഫ്ലെക്ടിംഗ് ടെലിസ്കോപ്പിന്റെ നിർമ്മാണത്തിനുപയോഗിക്കുന്ന വസ്തുക്കൾ സംബന്ധിച്ച പഠനം —
1778   ചാൾസ് ഹട്ടൺ


( Charles Hutton)

വെടിമരുന്ന്, പീരങ്കിയുണ്ടകൾ എന്നിവ സംബന്ധമായ പഠനങ്ങൾ [33]
1779   നൽകിയില്ല — —
1780   സാമുവൽ വിൻസ്


( Samuel Vince)

ഭ്രമണ ചലനം സംബന്ധിച്ച പ്രബന്ധം [34]
1781   വില്യം ഹെർഷൽ


( William Herschel)

നക്ഷത്ര പഠനം [35]
1782   റിച്ചാർഡ് കിർവൻ


( Richard Kirwan)

രസതന്ത്ര മേഖലയിലെ സംഭാവനകൾ [34]
1783   ജോൺ ഗുഡ്റിക്,

തോമസ് ഹച്ചിൻസ്


( John Goodricke and Thomas Hutchins (naturalist))

ആൽഗോൾ നക്ഷത്രത്തിൻറെ പ്രകാശരശ്മികളുടെ ടൈം പീരിയഡിലെ വ്യത്യാസങ്ങൾ പഠിച്ചു.(ഗുഡ്റിക്)

മെർക്കുറി സംബന്ധമായ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ (ഹച്ചിൻസ്)

[34]
1784   എഡ്വേർഡ് വേറിങ്


( Edward Waring)

ഗണിതശാസ്ത്രം മേഖലയിലെ സംഭാവനകൾ [36]
1785   വില്യം റോയ്


( William Roy)

"For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath" [37]
1786   നൽകിയില്ല — —
1787   ജോൺ ഹണ്ടർ


( John Hunter (surgeon))

തിമിംഗിലങ്ങളുടെ ആന്തരിക ഘടന, അണ്ഡാശയം, പട്ടി, കുറുക്കൻ, ചെന്നായ, എന്നിവയെ തിരിച്ചറിയാനുള്ള മാർഗ്ഗങ്ങൾ എന്നിവ സംബന്ധമായ പ്രബന്ധങ്ങൾ [38]
1788   ചാൾസ് ബ്ലാഗ്ഡെൻ


( Charles Blagden)

ഫിലോസഫിക്കൽ ട്രാൻസാക്ഷനിൽ(വാല്യം 78) പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ച 2 പ്രബന്ധങ്ങൾ (On Congeletion) [39]
1789   വില്യം മോർഗൻ


( William Morgan (actuary))

ഫിലോസഫിക്കൽ ട്രാൻസാക്ഷനിൽ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ച 2 പ്രബന്ധങ്ങൾ.( on the values of Reversions and Survivorships) [40]
1790   നൽകിയില്ല — —
1791  
  		ജെയിംസ് റെനെൽ,

ജീൻ ആൻഡ്രേ ഡെലൂക്
( James Rennell and Jean-André Deluc)

ഫിലോസഫിക്കൽ ട്രാൻസാക്ഷനിൽ(വാല്യം 81) പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ച പ്രബന്ധങ്ങൾ (ഒട്ടകങ്ങളുടെ യാത്രയെ സംബന്ധിച്ച്) (റെനെൽ)

ഹൈഗ്രോമെട്രിയിലെ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ (ഡെലൂക്ക്)

[41]
1792   ബെഞ്ചമിൻ തോംപ്സൺ


( Benjamin Thompson)

താപത്തിന്റെ സവിശേഷതകൾ സംബന്ധമായ പ്രബന്ധം [42]
1793   നൽകിയില്ല — —
1794   അലെക്സാണ്ട്രോ വോൾട്ട


( Alessandro Volta)

വിവിധ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [41]
1795   ജെസി റാംസ്ഡെൻ


( Jesse Ramsden)

ത്രികോണങ്ങൾ അളക്കുന്നതിനുള്ള ഉപകരണങ്ങളുടെ കണ്ടെത്തൽ [43]
1796   ജോർജ് അറ്റ്വുഡ്


( George Atwood)

ജലോപരിതലത്തിലുള്ള വസ്തുക്കളുടെ സ്ഥാനം ജ്യാമിതി ഉപയോഗിച്ചു കണ്ടെത്തി. [44]
1797   നൽകിയില്ല — —
1798   ജോർജ് ഷുക്ബെർഗ് ഇവ്ലൈൻ

ചാൾസ് ഹാച്ചെറ്റ്
( George Shuckburgh-Evelyn and Charles Hatchett)

ഫിലോസഫിക്കൽ ട്രാൻസാക്ഷനിൽ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ച പ്രബന്ധങ്ങൾ (ഇവ്ലിൻ)

രസതന്ത്രവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട് ഫിലോസഫിക്കൽ ട്രാൻസാക്ഷനിൽ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ച പ്രബന്ധങ്ങൾ

[45]
1799   ജോൺ ഹെലിൻസ്


( John Hellins)

ജ്യോതിശാസ്ത്രം സംബന്ധമായ പഠനം, ഗണിതശാസ്ത്രത്തിൽ നൽകിയ സംഭാവനകൾ [46]

1800 മുതൽ 1849 വരെ

തിരുത്തുക
വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
1800 പ്രമാണം:Edward Charles Howard.gif Howard, Edward CharlesEdward Charles Howard "For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury" [47]
1801   Cooper, AstleyAstley Cooper "For his Papers – on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness" [48]
1802   Wollaston, William HydeWilliam Hyde Wollaston "For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions" [49]
1803   Chenevix, RichardRichard Chenevix "For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions" [50]
1804   Tennant, SmithsonSmithson Tennant "For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions" [51]
1805   Davy, HumphryHumphry Davy "For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions" [52]
1806   Knight, Thomas AndrewThomas Andrew Knight "For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" [53]
1807   Home, EverardEverard Home "For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" —
1808   Henry, WilliamWilliam Henry "For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions" —
1809   Troughton, EdwardEdward Troughton "For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions" [54]
1810   No Award — —
1811   Brodie, Benjamin CollinsBenjamin Collins Brodie "For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons" [55]
1812   No Award — —
1813   Brande, William ThomasWilliam Thomas Brande "For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" —
1814   Ivory, JamesJames Ivory "For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions" [56]
1815   Brewster, DavidDavid Brewster "For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies" [57]
1816   No Award — —
1817   Kater, HenryHenry Kater "For his Experiments on the Pendulum" [58]
1818   Seppings, RobertRobert Seppings "For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" —
1819   No Award — —
1820   Hans Christian Ørsted "For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries" [59]
1821 പ്രമാണം:Edward Sabine 1860s.jpg
 		 Sabine, EdwardEdward Sabine and

John Herschel

"For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. (Sabine)"

"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Herschel)"

[60]
1822   Buckland, WilliamWilliam Buckland "For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale" [61]
1823   Pond, JohnJohn Pond "For his various Communications to the Royal Society" —
1824   Brinkley, JohnJohn Brinkley "For his various Communications to the Royal Society" [62]
1825  
 		 Arago, FrançoisFrançois Arago and Peter Barlow "For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago)"

"For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)"

[63]
1826   South, JamesJames South "For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions" [64]
1827   Prout, WilliamWilliam Prout and

Henry Foster

"For his Paper entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general. (Prout)"

"For his magnetic and other observations made during the Arctic expedition to Port Bowen. (Foster)"

[65]
1828   No Award — —
1829   No Award — —
1830   No Award — —
1831   Airy, George BiddellGeorge Biddell Airy "For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, – On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" [66]
1832  
 		 Faraday, MichaelMichael Faraday and Siméon Denis Poisson "For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year. (Faraday)"

"For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire. (Poisson)"

[67]
1833   No Award — —
1834   Plana, Giovanni Antonio AmedeoGiovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana "For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune" [68]
1835   Harris, William SnowWilliam Snow Harris "For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834" [52]
1836   Berzelius, Jöns JacobJöns Jacob Berzelius and Francis Kiernan "For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works. (Berzelius)"

"For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833. (Kiernan)"

—
1837  
 		 Becquerel, Antoine CésarAntoine César Becquerel and

John Frederic Daniell

"For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. (Becquerel)"

"For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836. (Daniell)"

[69]
1838  
 		 Gauss, Carl FriedrichCarl Friedrich Gauss

and Michael Faraday

"For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. (Gauss)"

"For his researches in specific electrical induction. (Faraday)"

[70]
1839   Brown, RobertRobert Brown "For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation" [71]
1840  
 		 von Liebig, JustusJustus von Liebig and

Jacques Charles François Sturm

"For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. (Liebig)"

"For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835. (Sturm)"

[72][73]
1841   Ohm, GeorgGeorg Ohm "For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet" [74]
1842   MacCullagh, JamesJames MacCullagh "For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy" [75]
1843   Dumas, Jean-BaptisteJean-Baptiste Dumas "For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements" —
1844   Matteucci, CarloCarlo Matteucci "For his various researches in animal electricity" [76]
1845   Schwann, TheodorTheodor Schwann "For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Bflanzen" —
1846   Le Verrier, UrbainUrbain Le Verrier "For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation" [77]
1847   Herschel, JohnJohn Herschel "For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825" [60]
1848   Adams, John CouchJohn Couch Adams "For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto" [78]
1849   Murchison, RoderickRoderick Murchison "For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains" —
1850   Hansen, Peter AndreasPeter Andreas Hansen "For his researches in physical astronomy" [52]

1850 മുതൽ 1899 വരെ

തിരുത്തുക
വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
1850   Hansen, Peter AndreasPeter Andreas Hansen "For his researches in physical astronomy" [52]
1851   Owen, RichardRichard Owen "On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works" [79]
1852   von Humboldt, AlexanderAlexander von Humboldt "For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years" [80]
1853   Dove, Heinrich WilhelmHeinrich Wilhelm Dove "For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth" —
1854   Müller, Johannes PeterJohannes Peter Müller "For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin" [81]
1855   Foucault, LéonLéon Foucault "For his various researches in experimental physics" [52]
1856   Milne-Edwards, HenriHenri Milne-Edwards "For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology" —
1857   Chevreul, Michel EugèneMichel Eugène Chevreul "For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, and for his researches on the contrast of coulours" [52]
1858   Lyell, CharlesCharles Lyell "For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology" [52]
1859   Weber, Wilhelm EduardWilhelm Eduard Weber "For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics" [82]
1860   Bunsen, RobertRobert Bunsen "For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches" [52]
1861   Agassiz, LouisLouis Agassiz "For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse" [52]
1862   Graham, ThomasThomas Graham "For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861" [83]
1863   Sedgwick, AdamAdam Sedgwick "For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire" [84]
1864   Darwin, CharlesCharles Darwin "For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology" [52]
1865   Chasles, MichelMichel Chasles "For his historical and original researches in pure geometry" [85]
1866   Plücker, JuliusJulius Plücker "For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis" [86]
1867   von Baer, Karl ErnstKarl Ernst von Baer "For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology" [52]
1868   Wheatstone, CharlesCharles Wheatstone "For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism" [52]
1869   Regnault, Henri VictorHenri Victor Regnault "For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaries au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours" [52]
1870   Joule, James PrescottJames Prescott Joule "For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat" [52]
1871   von Mayer, JuliusJulius von Mayer "For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: – 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat" [52]
1872   Wöhler, FriedrichFriedrich Wöhler "For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones" [52]
1873   von Helmholtz, HermannHermann von Helmholtz "For his researches in physics and physiology" [87]
1874   Pasteur, LouisLouis Pasteur "For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine" [52]
1875   von Hofmann, August WilhelmAugust Wilhelm von Hofmann "For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia" [88]
1876   Bernard, ClaudeClaude Bernard "For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology" [52]
1877   Dana, James DwightJames Dwight Dana "For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published" [52]
1878   Boussingault, Jean-BaptisteJean-Baptiste Boussingault "For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry" [89]
1879   Clausius, RudolfRudolf Clausius "For his well-known researches upon heat" [90]
1880   Sylvester, James JosephJames Joseph Sylvester "For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics" [91]
1881   Wurtz, Charles-AdolpheCharles-Adolphe Wurtz "For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry" —
1882   Cayley, ArthurArthur Cayley "For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics" [92]
1883   Thomson, WilliamWilliam Thomson "For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics" [93]
1884   Ludwig, CarlCarl Ludwig "For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science" —
1885   Kekulé, AugustAugust Kekulé "For his researches in organic chemistry" [52]
1886   Neumann, Franz ErnstFranz Ernst Neumann "For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics" [94]
1887   Hooker, Joseph DaltonJoseph Dalton Hooker "For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller" [52]
1888   Huxley, Thomas HenryThomas Henry Huxley "For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years" [52]
1889   Salmon, GeorgeGeorge Salmon "For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author" [95]
1890   Newcomb, SimonSimon Newcomb "For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy" [96]
1891   Cannizzaro, StanislaoStanislao Cannizzaro "For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory" [52]
1892   Virchow, RudolfRudolf Virchow "For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology" [52]
1893   Stokes, GeorgeGeorge Stokes "For his researches and discoveries in physical science" [97]
1894   Frankland, EdwardEdward Frankland "For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry" [98]
1895   Weierstrass, KarlKarl Weierstrass "For his investigations in pure mathematics" [99]
1896   Gegenbaur, KarlKarl Gegenbaur "For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc" —
1897   von Kölliker, AlbertAlbert von Kölliker "In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist" —
1898   Huggins, WilliamWilliam Huggins "For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies" [52]
1899   Rayleigh, LordLord Rayleigh "In recognition of his contributions to physical science" [100]

1900 മുതൽ 1950 വരെ

തിരുത്തുക
വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
1900   Berthelot, MarcellinMarcellin Berthelot "For his brilliant services to chemical science" [52]
1901   Gibbs, Josiah WillardJosiah Willard Gibbs "For his contributions to mathematical physics" [101]
1902   Lister, JosephJoseph Lister "In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery" [102]
1903   Suess, EduardEduard Suess "For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'" [102]
1904   Crookes, WilliamWilliam Crookes "For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects" [102]
1905   Mendeleev, DmitriDmitri Mendeleev "For his contributions to chemical and physical science" [102]
1906   Metchnikoff, ÉlieÉlie Metchnikoff "On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology" [102]
1907   Michelson, Albert AbrahamAlbert Abraham Michelson "On the ground of his investigations in optics" [102]
1908   Wallace, Alfred RusselAlfred Russel Wallace "On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection" [102]
1909   Hill, George WilliamGeorge William Hill "On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy" [102]
1910   Galton, FrancisFrancis Galton "On the ground of his researches in heredity" [102]
1911   Darwin, GeorgeGeorge Darwin "On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects" [102]
1912   Klein, FelixFelix Klein "On the ground of his researches in mathematics" [103]
1913   Lankester, RayRay Lankester "On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him" [104]
1914   Thomson, Joseph JohnJoseph John Thomson "On the ground of his discoveries in physical science" [102]
1915   Pavlov, IvanIvan Pavlov "On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system" [102]
1916   Dewar, JamesJames Dewar "For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases" [102]
1917   Roux, Pierre Paul ÉmilePierre Paul Émile Roux "On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy" [105]
1918   Lorentz, HendrikHendrik Lorentz "On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics" [102]
1919 പ്രമാണം:WilliamBayliss1.jpg Bayliss, WilliamWilliam Bayliss "On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics" [102]
1920   Brown, Horace TabbererHorace Tabberer Brown "On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c" [106]
1921   Larmor, JosephJoseph Larmor "For his researches in mathematical physics" [107]
1922   Rutherford, ErnestErnest Rutherford "For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure" [102]
1923   Lamb, HoraceHorace Lamb "For his researches in mathematical physics" [108]
1924   Sharpey-Schafer, Edward AlbertEdward Albert Sharpey-Schafer "For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences" —
1925   Einstein, AlbertAlbert Einstein "For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory" [102]
1926   Hopkins, Frederick GowlandFrederick Gowland Hopkins "For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry" [109]
1927   Sherrington, Charles ScottCharles Scott Sherrington "For his distinguished work on neurology" [110]
1928   Parsons, Charles AlgernonCharles Algernon Parsons "For his contributions to engineering science" —
1929   Planck, MaxMax Planck "For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory" [111]
1930   Bragg, William HenryWilliam Henry Bragg "For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity" [112]
1931   Schuster, ArthurArthur Schuster "For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism" [113]
1932   Hale, George ElleryGeorge Ellery Hale "For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory" [114]
1933   Smith, TheobaldTheobald Smith "For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man" [115]
1934   Haldane, John ScottJohn Scott Haldane "In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering" [116]
1935   Wilson, Charles Thomson ReesCharles Thomson Rees Wilson "For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties" [117]
1936   Evans, ArthurArthur Evans "In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age" [118]
1937   Dale, HenryHenry Dale "In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems" [119]
1938   Bohr, NielsNiels Bohr "In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure" [120]
1939   Morgan, Thomas HuntThomas Hunt Morgan "For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution" [121]
1940   Langevin, PaulPaul Langevin "For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics" [122]
1941   Lewis, ThomasThomas Lewis "For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart" [123]
1942   Robinson, RobertRobert Robinson "For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry" [124]
1943   Barcroft, JosephJoseph Barcroft "For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood" [125]
1944 Taylor, G. I.G. I. Taylor "For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications" [126]
1945   Avery, OswaldOswald Avery "For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases" [127]
1946   Adrian, EdgarEdgar Adrian "For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions" [128]
1947   Hardy, G. H.G. H. Hardy "For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years" [129]
1948   Hill, ArchibaldArchibald Hill "For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues" [130]
1949   de Hevesy, GeorgeGeorge de Hevesy "For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes" [131]

1950 മുതൽ 1999 വരെ

തിരുത്തുക
വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
1950   Chadwick, JamesJames Chadwick "For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron" [132]
1951   Keilin, DavidDavid Keilin "For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes" [133]
1952   Dirac, PaulPaul Dirac "In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics" [134]
1953   Kluyver, AlbertAlbert Kluyver "For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology" —
1954 Whittaker, E. T.E. T. Whittaker "For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics" [135]
1955 Fisher, RonaldRonald Fisher "In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology" [136]
1956   Blackett, PatrickPatrick Blackett "In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism" —
1957   Florey, HowardHoward Florey "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine" [137]
1958   Littlewood, John EdensorJohn Edensor Littlewood "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations" [138]
1959   Burnet, Frank MacfarlaneFrank Macfarlane Burnet "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology" [139]
1960 പ്രമാണം:Harold Jeffreys, Sir.jpg Jeffreys, HaroldHarold Jeffreys "In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy" [140]
1961   Krebs, Hans AdolfHans Adolf Krebs "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles" [141] s
1962   Hinshelwood, Cyril NormanCyril Norman Hinshelwood "In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy" [142]
1963   Fildes, PaulPaul Fildes "In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology." —
1964   Chapman, SydneySydney Chapman "In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis" [143]
1965   Hodgkin, Alan LloydAlan Lloyd Hodgkin "In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology" —
1966   Bragg, William LawrenceWilliam Lawrence Bragg "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction" [102]
1967   Katz, BernardBernard Katz "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction" —
1968   Reichstein, TadeusTadeus Reichstein "In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids" —
1969   Medawar, PeterPeter Medawar "In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance" [102]
1970   Todd, Alexander R.Alexander R. Todd "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types" [102]
1971   Pirie, NormanNorman Pirie "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses" —
1972 Mott, Nevill FrancisNevill Francis Mott "In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics" [102]
1973   Huxley, AndrewAndrew Huxley "In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction" —
1974   Hodge, W. V. D.W. V. D. Hodge "In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals" [144]
1975   Crick, FrancisFrancis Crick "In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology" [102]
1976   Hodgkin, DorothyDorothy Hodgkin "In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin" [102]
1977   Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger "In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids" [102]
1978 പ്രമാണം:Robert Woodward Nobel.jpg Woodward, Robert BurnsRobert Burns Woodward "In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry" [102]
1979   Perutz, MaxMax Perutz "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject" [102]
1980   Barton, DerekDerek Barton "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and , in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry" [102]
1981 Mitchell, Peter D.Peter D. Mitchell "In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction" [102]
1982 Cornforth, JohnJohn Cornforth "In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules" [145]
1983 Porter, Rodney RobertRodney Robert Porter "In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins" —
1984 Chandrasekhar, SubrahmanyanSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar "In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity" [146]
1985   Klug, AaronAaron Klug "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them" —
1986 Peierls, RudolfRudolf Peierls "In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials" —
1987 Hill, RobinRobin Hill "In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis" —
1988   Atiyah, MichaelMichael Atiyah "In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics" [147]
1989   Milstein, CésarCésar Milstein "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response" —
1990 Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam "In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces" [148]
1991   Brenner, SydneySydney Brenner "In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project" —
1992   Porter, GeorgeGeorge Porter "In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology" [149]
1993   Watson, JamesJames Watson "In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome" [150]
1994   Frank, Frederick CharlesFrederick Charles Frank "In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems" —
1995 പ്രമാണം:Professor Frank Fenner.jpg Fenner, FrankFrank Fenner "In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease" —
1996   Cottrell, AlanAlan Cottrell "In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects" [151]
1997   Huxley, HughHugh Huxley "In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology" —
1998 പ്രമാണം:Lighthill 3.jpeg Lighthill, JamesJames Lighthill "In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics – analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying – and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing" [152]
1999   Smith, John MaynardJohn Maynard Smith "In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth" [153]

2000-നു ശേഷം

തിരുത്തുക
വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
2000   Battersby, Alan R.Alan R. Battersby "In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B12" —
2001   Miller, JacquesJacques Miller "For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells" —
2002   Pople, JohnJohn Pople "For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology" [154]
2003   Gurdon, JohnJohn Gurdon "For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology" —
2004   Kroto, HarryHarry Kroto "in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science" [155]
2005   Nurse, PaulPaul Nurse "for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division." —
2006   Hawking, StephenStephen Hawking "For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. " [32]
2007   May, RobertRobert May "for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance." —
2008   Penrose, RogerRoger Penrose "for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang." —
2009   Evans, MartinMartin Evans "for his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics." —
2010   Cox, DavidDavid Cox "for his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics." [156]
  Lindahl, TomasTomas Lindahl "for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair." [156]
2011   McKenzie, DanDan McKenzie "For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates." —
2012   Walker, JohnJohn Walker "For his ground-breaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion." [156]
2013   Geim, AndreAndre Geim "For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures." —
2014   Jeffreys, AlecAlec Jeffreys "For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome." [157]
2015   Higgs, PeterPeter Higgs "For his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider." [158]

അവലംബം

തിരുത്തുക
  1. ↑ "The Copley Medal (1731)". The Royal Society. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  2. ↑ "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  3. ↑ "Copley archive winners 1799–1731". The Royal Society. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Copley Medal". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2013-06-30. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  7. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  8. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  9. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  10. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  11. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  12. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  13. ↑ "Robins biography". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Jungnickel, Christa (1996). Cavendish. DIANE publishing. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  15. ↑ "Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You – Timeline – James Bradley". Florida State University. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  16. ↑ Jungnickel, Christa (1996). Cavendish. DIANE publishing. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  17. ↑ "RCP Heritage – George Edwards". Royal College of Physicians. Archived from the original on 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Jungnickel, Christa (1996). Cavendish. DIANE publishing. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  19. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  20. ↑ "Franklin_Benjamin biography". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  21. ↑ Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution. Manchester University Press. 1969. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  22. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  23. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
  24. ↑ "Engineering Timelines – John Smeaton". Engineering Timelines. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  25. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  26. ↑ "The British Society for the History of Mathematics". British Society for the History of Mathematics. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
  27. ↑ "AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England Ellis, John (c 1710–1776)". Aim25. Archived from the original on 2013-06-30. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  28. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Woulfe, Peter". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  29. ↑ "Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei" (PDF). The British Society for the History of Science. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  30. ↑ "Berkshire History: Biographies: Lieut-Col. John Walsh (1726–1795)". Nash Ford Publishing. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  31. ↑ "Maskelyne biography". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal". Trinity College, Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  33. ↑ "Hutton summary". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 "Digital Collections – Manuscripts – Item 15a – 15z, 15(1) – 15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal, 1778–1796". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  35. ↑ "Friedrich William Herschel". Florida State University. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  36. ↑ "Waring summary". University of St Andrews. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  37. ↑ "William Roy". Electric Scotland. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  38. ↑ "John Hunter: 'Founder of Scientific Surgery' – HemOnc Today". HemOnc Today. Retrieved 2009-02-08. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  39. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  40. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Morgan, William (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Copley Medal | Royal Society". https://royalsociety.org. The Royal Society. Retrieved 18 February 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  42. ↑ "Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  43. ↑ "Ramsden summary". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2013-04-04. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  44. ↑ "Attwood summary". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  45. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  46. ↑ "British Society for the History of Mathematics". University of Warwick. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  47. ↑ Sears, Derek. "Edward Charles Howard" (PDF). University of Arkansas. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
  48. ↑ "Cooper, Sir Astley Paston (1768–1841)". Aim25. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
  49. ↑ "Wollaston". Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  50. ↑ Griffith, WP. "PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals". Platinum Metals Review. Archived from the original on 2013-04-19. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
  51. ↑ Griffith, WP. "PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals". Platinum Metals Review. Archived from the original on 2013-04-20. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
  52. ↑ 52.00 52.01 52.02 52.03 52.04 52.05 52.06 52.07 52.08 52.09 52.10 52.11 52.12 52.13 52.14 52.15 52.16 52.17 52.18 52.19 52.20 52.21 52.22 52.23 52.24 52.25 "Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
  53. ↑ Darrow, GM. "Early Breeding in Europe". United States National Agricultural Library. Archived from the original on 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
  54. ↑ "Troughton Summary". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
  55. ↑ Buchanan, W.W. "Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862)". British Society for Rheumatology. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  56. ↑ "Ivory summary". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
  57. ↑ "Sir David Brewster (1781–1868)". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2008-11-04. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  58. ↑ "Henry Kater (1777–1835), Scientist". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  59. ↑ "SpringerLink – Book Chapter". SpringerLink. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Herschel summary". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2013-07-17. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
  61. ↑ "William Buckland & Reliquae Diluvianae". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  62. ↑ "The British Society for the History of Mathematics". The British Society for the History of Mathematics. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  63. ↑ "Arago summary". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2013-10-24. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
  64. ↑ "Lake County Astronomical Society". Lake County Astronomical Society. Archived from the original on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  65. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine. The Gentleman's Magazine. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  66. ↑ "Airy summary". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2013-08-23. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
  67. ↑ "Poisson summary". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 2013-10-24. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
  68. ↑ "Plana biography". University of St Andrews. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
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  145. ↑ "Emeritus Professor Sir John Cornforth – Alumni & Friends". University of Sydney. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
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  155. ↑ "FSU highlights". Florida State University. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
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  157. ↑ "Leicester University Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys wins science's oldest prize". Leicester Mercury. 5 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-05-16. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  158. ↑ Copley Medal 2015
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