ഐഡ ബി വെൽസ്

അമേരിക്കൻ അന്വേഷണാത്മക പത്രപ്രവർത്തകയും അധ്യാപികയും പൗരാവകാശ പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിലെ ആദ്യകാല നേതാവുമായിരുന്നു ഐഡാ ബെൽ വെൽസ്-ബാർനെറ്റ് (ജീവിതകാലം, ജൂലൈ 16, 1862 - മാർച്ച് 25, 1931). നാഷണൽ അസോസിയേഷൻ ഫോർ ദി അഡ്വാൻസ്മെന്റ് ഓഫ് കളർഡ് പീപ്പിൾ (എൻ‌എ‌എ‌സി‌പി) സ്ഥാപകരിലൊരാളായിരുന്നു അവർ. മുൻവിധികളെയും അക്രമങ്ങളെയും നേരിടാൻ സമർപ്പിച്ച ജീവിതകാലത്തും ആഫ്രിക്കൻ-അമേരിക്കൻ സമത്വത്തിനായുള്ള പോരാട്ടത്തിലും, പ്രത്യേകിച്ച് സ്ത്രീകളുമായും വെൽസ് അമേരിക്കയിലെ ഏറ്റവും പ്രശസ്തയായ കറുത്ത സ്ത്രീയായി അവർ മാറി.

ഐഡ ബി വെൽസ്
Wells, c.
ജനനം	ഐഡ ബെൽ വെൽസ് (1862-07-16)ജൂലൈ 16, 1862 ഹോളി സ്പ്രിംഗ്സ്, മിസിസിപ്പി, യു.എസ്.
മരണം	മാർച്ച് 25, 1931(1931-03-25) (പ്രായം 68) ചിക്കാഗോ, ഇല്ലിനോയിസ്, യു.എസ്.
Burial Place	ഓക്ക് വുഡ്സ് സെമിത്തേരി
ദേശീയത	American
മറ്റ് പേരുകൾ	ഐഡ ബി. വെൽസ്-ബാർനെറ്റ് Iola (pen name)
വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം	റസ്റ്റ് കോളേജ് ഫിസ്ക് യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി
തൊഴിൽ	Civil rights and women's rights activist, journalist and newspaper editor, teacher
രാഷ്ട്രീയ കക്ഷി	Republican; Independent.
ജീവിതപങ്കാളി(കൾ)	ഫെർഡിനാന്റ് L. ബാർനെറ്റ് ​ ​ (m. 1895; her death 1931)​
കുട്ടികൾ	6, incl. ആൽഫ്രെഡ ഡസ്റ്റർ
മാതാപിതാക്ക(ൾ)	ജെയിംസ് വെൽസും എലിസബത്ത് ബെൽ വാറന്റണും

മിസിസിപ്പിയിലെ ഹോളി സ്പ്രിംഗ്സിൽ അടിമത്തത്തിൽ ജനിച്ച വെൽസിനെ അമേരിക്കൻ ആഭ്യന്തരയുദ്ധകാലത്ത് വിമോചന പ്രഖ്യാപനത്തിലൂടെ മോചിപ്പിച്ചു. പതിനാറാമത്തെ വയസ്സിൽ 1878 ലെ മഞ്ഞപ്പനി പകർച്ചവ്യാധിയിൽ മാതാപിതാക്കളെയും ശിശുവായ സഹോദരനെയും നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ടു. അവൾ ജോലിക്ക് പോയി മുത്തശ്ശിയുടെ സഹായത്തോടെ കുടുംബത്തിലെ മറ്റുള്ളവരെ ഒരുമിച്ചു നിർത്തി. പിന്നീട്, തന്റെ ചില സഹോദരങ്ങളോടൊപ്പം ടെന്നസിയിലെ മെംഫിസിലേക്ക് താമസം മാറിയപ്പോൾ അധ്യാപികയെന്ന നിലയിൽ മികച്ച വേതനം ലഭിച്ചു. താമസിയാതെ വെൽസ് മെംഫിസ് ഫ്രീ സ്പീച്ച് ആന്റ് ഹെഡ്ലൈറ്റ് പത്രത്തിന് സഹ-ഉടമസ്ഥാവകാശം നേടി. അവരുടെ റിപ്പോർട്ടിംഗ് വംശീയ വേർതിരിക്കലിന്റെയും അസമത്വത്തിന്റെയും സംഭവങ്ങൾ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളുന്നു.

1890 കളിൽ, വെൽസ് അമേരിക്കയിലെ ലിഞ്ചിംഗ് സംഭവം ലേഖനങ്ങളിലും സതേൺ ഹൊറേഴ്സ്: ലിഞ്ച് ലോ ഇൻ ആൾ ഇറ്റ്സ് ഫേസെസ് എന്ന ലഘുലേഖയിലൂടെയും അതിന്റെ എല്ലാ ഘട്ടങ്ങളിലും രേഖപ്പെടുത്തിയിട്ടുണ്ട്. കറുത്ത കുറ്റവാളികൾക്ക് മാത്രമായി ലിഞ്ചിംഗ് നീക്കിവെച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെന്ന വെള്ളക്കാരുടെ പതിവ് അവകാശവാദങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ച് അന്വേഷിച്ചു. സാമ്പത്തികവും രാഷ്ട്രീയവുമായ മത്സരം സൃഷ്ടിച്ച ആഫ്രിക്കൻ അമേരിക്കക്കാരെ ഭയപ്പെടുത്തുകയും അടിച്ചമർത്തുകയും ചെയ്യുന്ന തെക്കൻ വെള്ളക്കാരുടെ നിഷ്ഠൂര നടപടിയായാണ് വെൽസ് ലിഞ്ചിംഗ് തുറന്നുകാട്ടിയത്. തുടർന്നുള്ള അധികാരം നഷ്ടപ്പെടുമെന്ന ഭീഷണി വെള്ളക്കാർക്കുണ്ടായി. ബ്ലാക്ക് ഉടമസ്ഥതയിലുള്ള പത്രങ്ങളിൽ ദേശീയതലത്തിൽ അന്വേഷണാത്മക റിപ്പോർട്ടിംഗ് നടത്തിയതിനാൽ ഒരു വെളുത്ത ജനക്കൂട്ടം അവരുടെ പത്ര ഓഫീസും പ്രസ്സുകളും നശിപ്പിച്ചു.

അവരുടെ കൃതികളിൽ ആൾക്കൂട്ട കൊലപാതകങ്ങളുടെ വിപുലമായ ഡോക്യുമെന്റേഷൻ അടങ്ങിയിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും-അങ്ങനെ ചെയ്ത ആദ്യ വ്യക്തികളിൽ ഒരാളായിരുന്നു. കറുത്ത ബലാത്സംഗത്തെ ന്യായീകരിക്കാൻ ഉപയോഗിച്ചിരുന്ന പ്രബലമായ ജ്വലന പ്രചരണങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള തത്സമയ റിപ്പോർട്ടിംഗിലൂടെ അവരുടെ കൃതികൾ ശ്രദ്ധേയമാണ്.

വെൽസ് ഒരു കറുത്ത സ്ത്രീ ആക്ടിവിസ്റ്റ് എന്ന നിലയിൽ തന്റെ വിശ്വാസങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ച് തുറന്നുപറയുകയും പതിവായി പൊതുജനങ്ങളുടെ വിയോജിപ്പ് ചിലപ്പോൾ പൗരാവകാശ പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിലെയും സ്ത്രീകളുടെ വോട്ടവകാശ പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിലെയും മറ്റ് നേതാക്കളിൽ നിന്ന് ഉൾപ്പെടെ നേരിടുകയും ചെയ്തു. സ്ത്രീകളുടെ അവകാശങ്ങളിലും സ്ത്രീകളുടെ വോട്ടവകാശ പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിലും അവർ സജീവമായിരുന്നു. ശ്രദ്ധേയമായ നിരവധി വനിതാ സംഘടനകൾ സ്ഥാപിച്ചു. പ്രഗത്ഭനും ബോധ്യപ്പെടുത്തുന്നതുമായ ഒരു പ്രഭാഷകയായ വെൽസ് പ്രഭാഷണ പര്യടനങ്ങളിൽ ദേശീയമായും അന്തർദേശീയമായും സഞ്ചരിച്ചു.

2020-ൽ, വെൽസിനെ മരണാനന്തരം ഒരു പുലിറ്റ്‌സർ പ്രൈസ് പ്രത്യേക അവലംബം നൽകി ആദരിച്ചു "[f]അല്ലെങ്കിൽ ആൾക്കൂട്ടക്കൊലയുടെ കാലഘട്ടത്തിൽ ആഫ്രിക്കൻ അമേരിക്കക്കാർക്കെതിരായ ഭയാനകവും ക്രൂരവുമായ അക്രമങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള അവരുടെ മികച്ചതും ധീരവുമായ റിപ്പോർട്ടിംഗിന്."

ആദ്യകാല ജീവിതം

ബോളിംഗ്-ഗേറ്റ്വുഡ് ഹൗസ്, വെൽസ് കുടുംബം അടിമത്തത്തിൽ താമസിച്ചിരുന്ന സ്ഥലവും ഐഡ ജനിച്ച സ്ഥലവും

1862 ജൂലൈ 16 ന് മിസിസിപ്പിയിലെ ഹോളി സ്പ്രിംഗ്സിനടുത്തുള്ള ബോളിംഗ് ഫാമിലാണ് ഐഡ ബെൽ വെൽസ് ജനിച്ചത്. ജെയിംസ് മാഡിസൺ വെൽസിന്റെയും (1840-1878) എലിസബത്ത് "ലിസി"യുടെയും (വാറന്റൺ) മൂത്ത കുട്ടിയായിരുന്നു അവർ. ജെയിംസ് വെൽസിന്റെ പിതാവ് പെഗ്ഗി എന്ന അടിമയായ കറുത്ത സ്ത്രീയെ ഗർഭം ധരിച്ച ഒരു വെള്ളക്കാരനായിരുന്നു. മരിക്കുന്നതിന് മുമ്പ്, ജെയിംസിന്റെ പിതാവ് 18 വയസ്സുള്ള അവനെ ഒരു മരപ്പണിക്കാരന്റെ അപ്രന്റീസായി ഹോളി സ്പ്രിംഗ്സിലേക്ക് കൊണ്ടുവന്നു. മരപ്പണി നൈപുണ്യങ്ങൾ പഠിച്ചപ്പോൾ, ഹോളി സ്പ്രിംഗ്സിൽ കൂലിപ്പണി ചെയ്യാൻ അദ്ദേഹത്തിന് കഴിഞ്ഞു. അടിമയായ ലിസിയുടെ അനുഭവം തികച്ചും വ്യത്യസ്തമായിരുന്നു. വിർജീനിയയിലെ ഒരു തോട്ടത്തിൽ ജനിച്ച 10 കുട്ടികളിൽ ഒരാളായ ലിസി അവളുടെ കുടുംബത്തിൽ നിന്നും സഹോദരങ്ങളിൽ നിന്നും വിറ്റഴിക്കപ്പെടുകയും ആഭ്യന്തരയുദ്ധത്തെത്തുടർന്ന് അവളുടെ കുടുംബത്തെ കണ്ടെത്താനുള്ള ശ്രമങ്ങൾ വിജയിച്ചില്ല.വിമോചന പ്രഖ്യാപനം പുറപ്പെടുവിക്കുന്നതിനുമുമ്പ്, വെൽസിന്റെ മാതാപിതാക്കൾ ഒരു വാസ്തുശില്പിയായ സ്പിയേഴ്സ് ബോളിംഗിന്റെ അടിമകളായിരുന്നു. കുടുംബം ഇപ്പോൾ ബോളിംഗ്-ഗേറ്റ്വുഡ് ഹൗസ് എന്ന് വിളിക്കപ്പെടുന്ന കെട്ടിടത്തിലാണ് താമസിച്ചിരുന്നത്. അത് ഐഡ ബി വെൽസ്-ബാർനെറ്റ് മ്യൂസിയമായി മാറിയിരിക്കുന്നു.

അവലംബം

Books, journals, magazines, academic papers, online blogs

• Allen, James E. (born 1954); Littlefield John Spencer (born 1961) (editors and compilers); forward by Congressman John Lewis; contributors: Hilton Als and Leon F. Litwack (2011) [1994]. Without Sanctuary: Photographs and Postcards of Lynching in America. Sante Fe: Twin Palms Publisher. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Print:
1. Book (1st ed.) (July 31, 1999); OCLC 936079991
2. Book (10th ed.) (February 1, 2000): OCLC 994750311 and 751138477; ISBN 0-944092-69-1; ISBN 978-0-944092-69-9
3. Book (11th ed.) (2011): OCLC 1075938297

Exhibitions, film, digital:

4. Roth Horowitz Gallery, 160A East 70th Street, Manhattan (January 14, 2000 – February 12, 2000); Andrew Roth and Glenn Horowitz, gallery co-owners, Witness: Photographs of Lynchings from the Collection of James Allen and John Littlefield, organized by Andrew Roth
5. New York Historical Society (March 14, 2000 – October 1, 2000); OCLC 809988821, Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America, curated by James Allen and Julia Hotton
6. Andy Warhol Museum (September 22, 2001 – February 21, 2002), The Without Sanctuary Project, curated by James Allen; co-directed by Jessica Arcand and Margery King
7. Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park (May 1, 2002 – December 31, 2002), Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America; OCLC 782970109, curated by Joseph F. Jordan, PhD (né Joseph Ferdinand Jordan, Jr.; born 1951); Douglas H. Quin, PhD (born 1956) exhibition designer; National Park Service MLK site team: Frank Catroppa, Saudia Muwwakkil, and Melissa English-Rias
8. The 2002 short film, Without Sanctuary, directed by Matt Dibble (né Matthew Phillips Dibble; born 1959) and produced by Joseph F. Jordan, PhD (né Joseph Ferdinand Jordan, Jr.; born 1951), accompanied the 2002–2003 exhibition by the same name, Without Sanctuary, at the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park (co-sponsored by Emory University)
9. Digital format (2008): OCLC 1179211921 and 439904269 (Overview, Movie, Photos, Forum)
10. Official website; part of collection at the Robert W. Woodruff Library at Emory University

• Alpha Suffrage Record, The (March 18, 1914). "The Alpha Suffrage Club" (PDF) (inagural newsletter) (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Vol. 1, no. 1. Chicago: Alpha Suffrage Club. Retrieved October 26, 2020 – via Living History of Illinois and Chicago, Neil Gale, Curator.
• Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). "Ida B. Wells-Barnett". 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 110, 309–311. ISBN 1-57392-963-8. LCCN 2002018993. OCLC 1018143510. Article: 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Baker, Lee D. (February 2012). "Ida B. Wells-Barnett: Fighting and Writing for Justice" (PDF). eJournal USA. 16 (6). U.S. Department of State: 6–8. ISSN 1949-7644. OCLC 700047682. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-17. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
• Bay, Mia (2009). To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells. Hill & Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-1646-4. OCLC 1032224630. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
• Berenson, Tessa C. (July 16, 2015). "Today's Google Doodle Celebrates Journalist Ida B. Wells' Birthday". Time.com (online). ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
• Biography.com Editors (January 16, 2020). "Ida B. Wells". Retrieved November 7, 2020. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• Black, Patti Carr (February 2001). "Ida B. Wells: A Courageous Voice for Civil Rights". Mississippi History Now (online publication) (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Mississippi Historical Society. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
• Boissoneault, Lorraine (January 21, 2017). "The Original Women's March on Washington and the Suffragists Who Paved the Way". Smithsonian (online). ISSN 0037-7333. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
• Brody, Richard (July 27, 2020). "What to Stream – Ida B. Wells: A Passion for Justice". Goings on About Town: Movies. The New Yorker (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Vol. 96, no. 21. p. 8. Retrieved November 12, 2020. OCLC 877711126. ISSN 0028-792X.
• Busby, Margaret, ed. (1992). "Ida B. Wells (Barnett)". Daughters of Africa. Jonathan Cape / Ballentine Books. p. 150. ISBN 0-345-38268-4. LCCN 93-90470. OCLC 925350164. Retrieved November 1, 2020 – via Internet Archive. Article: Daughters of Africa{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link).
• Cardon, Dustin (February 27, 2018). "Ida B. Wells". Jackson Free Press (blog). Jackson, Mississippi. Retrieved February 14, 2019. Note: the article is not in the print edition (back issues at ISSUU). {{cite journal}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Cairnes, John Elliott (professor) (August 1865). "The Negro Suffrage". Macmillan's Magazine. 12 (68): 334–343.
• CCWH Student Fellowship. "Ida B. Wells Graduate Student Fellowship" (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Columbia, Maryland: Coordinating Council for Women in History. Retrieved February 22, 2017. (awarded annually since 1999){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern Railroad Company v. Ida B. Wells. Supreme Court of Tennessee; April Term, 1887. Southwestern Reporter. (Vol. 4. May 16, 1887 – August 1, 1887). St. Paul: West Publishing Company. p. 5. Retrieved May 12, 2012 – via Internet Archive. ... her persistence was not in good faith ... {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• "Ida B. Wells". chicagoliteraryhof.org (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. November 15, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2017. (inducted during the Second Annual Ceremony at the Harold Washington Library November 15, 2011; the article includes a video.){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Cruickshank, Matt (doodler) (July 16, 2015). "Ida B. Wells' 153rd Birthday". Google Doodle. Retrieved January 14, 2019. Google Doodles Archive. {{cite web}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Curry, Tommy J. (Fall 2012), "The Fortune of Wells: Ida B. Wells-Barnett's Use of T. Thomas Fortune's Philosophy of Social Agitation as a Prolegomenon to Militant Civil Rights Activism", Transactions, 48 (4), Charles Sanders Peirce Society: 456–482, doi:10.2979/trancharpeirsoc.48.4.456, LCCN 0009-1774, OCLC 844279727, S2CID 145734549
• Danielle, Britni (March 8, 2018). "The New York Times Is Finally Giving Ida B. Wells Her Due". Essence. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
• DeCosta-Willis, Miriam (March 1, 2018) [October 8, 2017]. "Ida B. Wells-Barnett". Tennessee Encyclopedia (online). Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
• Doenecke, Justus Drew, PhD (2002). "Wells-Barnett, Ida (1862–1931)". In Commire, Anne (1939–2012); Klezmer, Deborah; Morgan, Barbara (eds.). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Vol. Vol. 16 (Vict–X). Yorkin Publications (The Gale Group). pp. 352–360. ISBN 0-7876-4075-1. LCCN 99-24692. OCLC 593847777. Retrieved November 7, 2020 – via Internet Archive. (also accessible online: "Wells-Barnett, Ida" via encyclopedia.com. Retrieved November 7, 2020) {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Douglass, Frederick (2002). "Letter from Frederick Douglass to Ida B. Wells; October 25, 1892". In Gabbidon, Shaun L., PhD; Greene, Helen Taylor, PhD; Young, Vernetta Diane, PhD (eds.). African American Classics in Criminology and Criminal Justice (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Sage Publications. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-7619-2433-3. OCLC 5559711186.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
• "Alfreda Wells discusses her mother, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and her book 'Crusade for Justice'" (verbal transcript and sound recording) (radio transcript) (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Chicago: Studs Terkel Radio Archive at WFMT. September 3, 1971. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |people= ignored (help)
• Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt (1868–1963) (1970) [1940]. Dusk of Dawn; An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept. New York: Schocken Books (1970); Harcourt, Brace & Company (1940). ISBN 9783847201823. LCCN 65-14825. OCLC 552187560. Retrieved October 28, 2020 – via Internet Archive.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• Duster, Michelle Lynn (compiler and author) (2010). Ida From Abroad: The Timeless Writings of Ida B. Wells From England in 1894 (self published). Chicago: Benjamin Williams Publishing, LLC (currently South Holland, Illinois: BW Publishing). ISBN 978-0-9802-3989-8. OCLC 608235660 Note: Michelle Lynn Duster (born 1963) is a great-granddaughter of Ida B. Wells-Barnett by way of her paternal grandmother, Alfreda Duster; she is a nephew of academician Troy Duster, PhD. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Elliott, Mark Emory, PhD (born 1969) (2006). Color-Blind Justice: Albion Tourgée and the Quest for Racial Equality from the Civil War to Plessey v. Ferguson. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1953-7021-8. LCCN 2006011311. Related articles: Albion Mourgée and Plessey v. Ferguson. OCLC all editions. {{cite book}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Enright, Mairead (March 8, 2018). "Gender and Legal History in Birmingham and the West Midlands – Ida B. Wells and the Birmingham Connection" (Enright's blog at the University of Birmingham). Retrieved February 14, 2019.
• Flexner, Eleanor (1908–1995); Fitzpatrick, Ellen Frances (2000) [1959, 1975, 1996]. Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States (enlarged ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6741-0653-6. LCCN 96-5651. OCLC 634643994 – via Internet Archive.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• Fradin, Dennis B.; Fradin, Judith Bloom (2000). Ida B. Wells: Mother of the Civil Rights Movement. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 21. ISBN 0-395-89898-6. OCLC 64586878.
• Franklin, Vincent P. (1995). Living Our Stories, Telling Our Truths: Autobiography and the Making of African American Intellectual Tradition. Oxford University Press. pp. 61–65. ISBN 978-0-6891-2192-0. OCLC 31606548.
• Giddings, Paula J. (2008). Ida: A Sword Among Lions: Ida B. Wells and the Campaign Against Lynching. Amistad Press. ISBN 978-0-0619-7294-2. OCLC 865473600.
• Giddings, Paula J. (2013). "Wells-Barnett, Ida B. 1862–1931". In Mason, Patrick Leon, PhD (born 1958) (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race and Racism (online). Vol. 4 (S–Z; 2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA, an imprint of Gale. pp. 265–267. ISBN 978-0-0286-6024-0. Retrieved March 8, 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link)
• Original edition: Giddings, Paula J. (2008). "Wells-Barnett, Ida B. 1862–1931". In Moore, John Hartwell, PhD (1939–2016) (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race and Racism (online). Vol. 3 (S–Z; 1st ed.). MacMillan Reference USA, an imprint of Gale. pp. 207–219. ISBN 978-0-0286-6023-3. LCCN 2007024359. Retrieved October 18, 2020 – via Internet Archive.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link)
• Goings, Kenneth W. PhD (October 7, 2019) [October 8, 2017]. "Memphis Free Speech". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
• Gyimah, Miriam C., PhD (2008). "Wells-Barnett, Ida B". In Boyce Davies, Carole (ed.). Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. ABC-Clio. pp. 976–978. ISBN 978-1-8510-9700-5. LCCN 2008011880. Retrieved February 14, 2019.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• "Honoring Ida B. Wells With Chicago's First Monument to an African American Woman". BPI – Business and Professional People for the Public Interest. Chicago. October 22, 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-04-19. Retrieved April 23, 2020. (the article includes a video with commentary by Michelle Lynn Duster and Danial B. Duster, siblings and great-grandchildren of Ida B. Wells){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Johnston, Hank; Oliver, Pamela Elaine, PhD, eds. (2020). Racialized Protest and the State: Resistance and Repression in a Divided America (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-367-26353-9. LCCN 2020008052. OCLC 1159575442. Retrieved November 9, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
• Jones, Wendy D. (born 1953). "Wendy Jones". AALBC.com (autobiography). Tampa, Florida: AALBC.com, LLC (African American Literature Book Club). Retrieved November 3, 2020. The article is a short autobiography connected to the author's 2017 book, An Extraordinary Life: Josephine E. Jones [née Josephine Ebaugh; 1920–2017] – the author's mother. "I come from a family of storytellers. My mother and my grandmother [Anna Mae Ebaugh, née Nance; 1888–1982] were my first teachers."{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Jordan, Brucella Wiggins (2003). Ida B. Wells, Catherine Impey, and Trans-Atlantic Dimensions of the Nineteenth-Century Anti-Lynching Movement (PhD dissertation, history, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Department of History). Morgantown: West Virginia University. Retrieved November 17, 2020. OCLC 52488224 and 1158307686.
• "Key Findings". Lynching in America – Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror (PDF) (eBook) (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്) (3rd ed.). Montgomery, Alabama: Equal Justice Initiative. 2017. OCLC 1160165955. Retrieved November 9, 2020.  citing → Tolnay, Stewart Emory, PhD; Beck, Elwood Meredith, PhD (1992). A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930 (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06413-5. LCCN 94-7396. OCLC 1015166019. Retrieved November 9, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) quoting → Raper, Arthur Franklin (1899–1979) (1936). The Mob Still Rides: A Review of the Lynching Record, 1931–1935 (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Atlanta, Georgia: Commission on Interracial Cooperation. OCLC 1130312430.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• King, Oona (radio guest); Parris, Matthew (radio host) (August–October 2014). "Baroness Oona King on Ida B Wells". BBC Radio 4 (audio archive of a radio broadcast). Great Lives; Series 34; Episode 3 of 9. Bristol. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
• Klinger, Jerry (né Jerrold Ira Klinger; born 1948) (July 15, 2019). "Jewish Group Helps Dedicate Ida Wells-Barnett Marker". San Diego Jewish World (online). Retrieved July 17, 2019. Klinger, among other things, is the founder of the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Mann, Susan A. (Summer 2011). "Pioneers of U.S. Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice". Feminist Formations. 23 (2). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press: 1–25. doi:10.1353/ff.2011.0028. ISSN 2151-7363. JSTOR 41301654. OCLC 752343699. S2CID 146349456.
• Matthews, Dasha (February 21, 2018). "Ida B. Wells: Suffragist, Feminist, and Leader". info.umkc.edu – University of Missouri–Kansas City. Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
• McBride, Jennifer (1999) [c. 1998]. "Ida B. Wells: Crusade for Justice" (online). Webster University. Retrieved January 30, 2013. (Note: McBride, who graduated from Webster University in 1999, authored the essay while enrolled in an advanced seminar with Linda M. Woolf, Ph.D.){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• McCluskey, Audrey Thomas, PhD (2014). A Forgotten Sisterhood: Pioneering Black Women Educations and Activists in the Jim Crow South. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1138-4. OCLC 883647209. Retrieved October 28, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• McKinney, Megan (August 19, 2018). "Ida B. Wells: The 'Drive' in Her Name – A Long Wait for a Distinguished Lady" (online). Vintage. Chicago Classic Magazine. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
• McMurry, Linda O. (1998). To Keep the Waters Troubled: The Life of Ida B. Wells. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195139273. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
• Mississippi Writers Trail (November 7, 2019). "Historical Marker: Ida B. Wells" (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Jackson: Mississippi Arts Commission. Retrieved June 16, 2020. (A commemorative historical marker was unveiled November 7, 2019, at Rust College, Holly Springs.){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Mitchell, Judylynn (November 11, 1979). "Daughter of Slave Fights for Racial Justice". The Daily Times. Vol. 56, no. 343. Salisbury, Maryland. p. D13. Retrieved October 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
• Myrick-Harris, Clarissa, PhD (July 2002) [online version: June 30, 2002]. "Against All Odds". Smithsonian. 33 (4): 70–77. Retrieved November 12, 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ISSN 0037-7333. OCLC 718515121. OCLC 96987499.
• "NABJ: Ida B. Wells Award". www.nabj.org. National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ). Retrieved February 22, 2017.
• "National Afro-American Council". NKAA – Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (encyclopedic entry). Lexington: University of Kentucky Libraries. Special Collections. OCLC 54673947. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
• "National Association of Colored Women's Clubs". Encyclopædia Britannica (online). August 4, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
• National Women's Hall of Fame (November 15, 1988). "Ida B. Wells-Barnett". Seneca Falls, New York. Retrieved November 22, 2018. (Selected in 1986, posthumously inducted in a ceremony at the Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum in Rochester on November 15, 1988.){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Nettles, Arionne Alyssa (November 4, 2019). "Ida B. Wells' Lasting Impact on Chicago Politics and Power". WBEZ Chicago (local production) (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). NPR affiliate. Retrieved November 15, 2020 (audio, text, photos, newspaper clippings){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• New York County Lawyers' Association (February 25, 2020). "18th Annual Ida B. Wells Barnett Award Reception". Retrieved November 3, 2020 – via YouTube.
• Northwestern University. "Ida B. Wells Award". Evanston, Illinois: Medill School of Journalism, Northwestern University. Archived from the original on 2019-07-02. Retrieved February 22, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• "Our Creation Story". Chapel Hill: Ida B. Wells Society for Investigative Reporting, UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media. Retrieved February 16, 2018 – via idabwellssociety.org. {{cite web}}: External link in |via= (help)
• Paisana, Joanne Madin Vieira, PhD (2016). Mendes, João Ribeiro (ed.). "Playing the Transatlantic Card: The British Anti-Lynching Campaigns of Ida B. Wells" (PDF). Diacrítica (ejournal). Series: Philosophy and Culture (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). 30 (2) ("Cosmopolitan Challenges" – "500 Anos de Utopia" – "Homenagem a René Girard" ed.). Printed in Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal, by the University of Minho: 187–203. Retrieved November 12, 2020. (the journal is in Portuguese; however, this article, and others, are in English) (the journal is licensed under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) ISSN 0870-8967 (paper). ISSN 2183-9174 (ejournal). OCLC 1187195460. OCLC 639150526
• Palmer, Stephanie C. (2009). "Wells-Barnett, Ida B". In Finkelman, Paul, PhD (ed.). Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-First Century. Vol. Vol. 5 (of 5). Oxford University Press. pp. 107–108. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.46339. ISBN 978-0-1951-6779-5. LCCN 2008034263. OCLC 828073382. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
• Pavithra, Mohan (August 8, 2018). "How These Women Raised $42k in a Day for an Ida B. Wells Monument". Fast Company (blog). Retrieved January 14, 2019. (article is online only, not in a print edition){{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Peavey, Linda; Smith, Ursula (April 2019). "A Determined Quest for Equality – How Ida B. Wells Battled Jim Crow in Memphis". Memphis (monthly magazine). 44 (1). Contemporary Media: 46–49. Retrieved October 25, 2020. Alternate link via ISSUU (a version of this story was published in the June 1983 issue of Memphis). {{cite journal}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Perkins, Kathy A.; Stephens, Judith Louise, PhD (Judith Stephens-Lorenz), eds. (1998). Strange Fruit: Plays on Lynching by American Women (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 366–408. ISBN 0-253-33356-3. LCCN 97-29605. OCLC 751143552. Retrieved November 6, 2020 – via Internet Archive. (link via Google Books; Perkins, among other things, was, in 2007, inducted into the College of Fellows of the American Theatre (see CV); Stephens retired as Professor of Humanities and Theatre at Penn State Schuylkill, where she had been an educator since 1977) {{cite book}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)

1. "Michon Boston" (1962–  ), pp. 366–367
2. Iola's Letter (1994), pp. 368–408

• Pinar, William Frederick, PhD (January 2001). "8 – White Women and the Campaign Against Lynching: Frances Willard, Jane Addams, Jesse Daniel Ames". Counterpoints (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). 163 – The Gender of Racial Politics and Violence in America: Lynching, Prison Rape, & the Crisis of Masculinity. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang: 487–554. ISSN 1058-1634. JSTOR 42977758. OCLC 5792541764. Retrieved November 3, 2020. (Pinar offers a description of the accusations made between Willard and Wells in England in 1894.){{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Pinar, William Frederick (2009). The Worldliness of a Cosmopolitan Education: Passionate Lives in Public Service. Routledge. pp. 77–79. ISBN 978-1-1358-4485-1. LCCN 2008046092. OCLC 846131889.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Portrait of Ida B. Wells (April 6, 2006). "A Celebration of Ida B. Wells". (i) Institute of Politics & (ii) Women and Public Policy Program (co-sponsors) (archived video of a forum; 1:08:15). Cambridge: Harvard Kennedy School Forum. John F. Kennedy, Jr., Forum. Retrieved February 22, 2017. (the video relates to the unveiling of several new portraits installed at the Kennedy School, including a poster reproduction of a painting of Ida B. Wells – painted by Patricia Watwood – commissioned by the school for $20,000 and installed April 2006 in the Fainsod Room of the Littauer Building, next Winston Churchill's portrait){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Portwood, Shirley J. (Winter 2000/2001) (February 7, 2012). "Review". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (book review). 93 (4): 457–459. ISBN 9783847201823. ISSN 1522-1067. JSTOR 40193465. OCLC 5542906749. Retrieved October 28, 2020 – via JSTOR. Review of the 1893 work, The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition: The Afro-American Contribution to Columbian Literature, by Ida B. Wells, Frederick Douglass, Irvine Garland Penn, and Ferdinand Barnett. Re-published 1999. Robert W. Rydell (ed.); Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press {{cite journal}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Pulitzer Prize (May 4, 2020). "Announcement of the 2020 Pulitzer Prize Winners – Special Citation: Ida B. Wells". Pulitzer.org. Retrieved May 5, 2020.  "For her outstanding and courageous reporting on the horrific and vicious violence against African Americans during the era of lynching."{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• "Quakers Against Racism: Catherine Impey and the Anti-Caste Journal". Quakers of the World (co-funded by the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust). Retrieved November 11, 2018. (re: Catherine Impey and the Anti-Caste journal:{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)OCLC 607352452).
• Ritchie, Donald A. (2007) [1997]. "Part 3. Society's Critics (1900–1945)" ... "Ida B. Wells-Barnett". American Journalists – Getting the Story. Oxford University Press. pp. 164–166. ISBN 978-0-1953-2837-0. LCCN 96-29208. OCLC 1099791041. Retrieved October 26, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
• Rooney, Terrie M.; Lemerand, Karen E., eds. (1998). "Ida B. Wells-Barnett". Contemporary Heroes and Heroines (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Vol. Vol. 3 (of 3). Gale Research. pp. 644–651. ISBN 978-0-7876-2215-2. OCLC 38956591. Retrieved November 9, 2020 – via Internet Archive. (also accessible online: "Ida B. Wells-Barnett" via the Christian Broadcasting Network. Retrieved November 7, 2020) {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Schechter, Patricia (January 14, 2003). Ida B. Wells–Barnett and American Reform: 1880–1930. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807875469. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
• Seymour, James B., Jr. (2006). "Wells-Barnett, Ida B". In Finkelman, Paul, PhD (ed.). Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-First Century. Vol. Vol. 3 (of 3). Oxford University Press. pp. 333–334. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.46339. ISBN 978-0-1951-6777-1. LCCN 2005033701. OCLC 607234039. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Sheriff, Stacey Ellen (December 2009). Rhetoric and Revision: Women's Arguments for Social Justice in the Progressive Era (PhD, Department of English). Pennsylvania State University. OCLC 783231213. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
• Stansell, Christine (2010). The Feminist Promise – 1792 to the Present. New York: The Modern Library. pp. 126–128. ISBN 978-0-8129-7202-3. LCCN 2009026662. OCLC 770464849. Retrieved February 16, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
• Stetz, Margaret Diane, PhD (Spring 2018). "Re-Embodying Ida B. Wells: A Figure of Resistance in American Popular Culture". Americana: The Journal of American Popular Culture, 1900 to Present (online). 17 (1). Hollywood. ISSN 1553-8931. Retrieved November 3, 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Stillion Southard, Belinda A. (née Belinda A. Stillion; born 1978) (2011). Militant Citizenship: Rhetorical Strategies of the National Woman's Party, 1913–1920. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-281-7. LCCN 2011005218. OCLC 892519712.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• Thompson, Mildred Isabelle, PhD, OP (Sinsinawa Dominican Sisters) (1929–2009) (1990). Ida B. Wells-Barnett: An Exploratory Study of an American Black Woman, 1893–1930. Black Women in United States History. Vol. Vol. 15 (of 16). Brooklyn: Carlton Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-9260-1921-8. LCCN 90-1399. OCLC 21035436. Retrieved November 9, 2020 – via Internet Archive. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) (this book, Vol. 15 of a 16 Vol. set, is an adaptation of Thompson's 1979 PhD dissertation at George Washington University; OCLC 78529680).
• Tichi, Celelia, PhD (née Cecelia Louise Halbert; born 1942) (2011). "Chapter 7". Civic Passions: Seven Who Launched Progressive America (end notes). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-7191-1. LCCN 2009011634. OCLC 1055332079. Retrieved October 28, 2020 – via Internet Archive (webcast via Library of Congress). {{cite book}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Truth-Telling: Frances Willard and Ida B. Wells (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). "Introduction" (version 9). Evanston, Illinois: Frances Willard House Museum and Archives. Retrieved October 24, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
• Type Investigations Fellowship. "Ida B. Wells Fellowship". www.typeinvestigations.org (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). New York: Type Investigations, formerly The Investigative Fund, the investigateive newsroom of the Type Media Center. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
• University of Louisville. "Ida B. Wells Award". Retrieved February 22, 2017. (an award for diligence and achievement conferred to a bachelor of science senior majoring in criminal justice){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• University of Memphis, Department of Philosophy (2007–  ). "Ida B. Wells Conference". Retrieved May 4, 2020. (held annually since 2007){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• USPS: Women stamps (May 2020) [2015]. USPS Historian (ed.). "Women Subjects on United States Postage Stamps" (PDF). Postal History. Black Heritage. United States Postal Service. pp. 1–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-21. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
• USPS: African American stamps (May 2020) [August 2013]. USPS Historian (ed.). "African American Subjects on United States Postage Stamps" (PDF). Postal History. United States Postal Service. pp. 1–6. Retrieved November 3, 2020  (citing which stamps are part of the Black Heritage series){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Viagas, Robert (December 1, 1995). "AuDelCo Award Winners". Playbill (online). New York: Playbill Inc. Retrieved January 31, 2018.  See: AUDELCO.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Wagner, Ella; et al., eds. (March 14, 2019). "Truth-Telling: Frances Willard and Ida B. Wells, Introduction". Frances Willard House Museum and Archives (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Evanston, Illinois. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
• "Wells-Barnett Museum (Ida B.)" (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Holly Springs, Mississippi: The Ida B. Wells Memorial Foundation. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
• "Wells-Barnett Museum (Ida B.)" (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Holly Springs, Mississippi: The Ida B. Wells Memorial Foundation. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
• Wells, Ida Bell (1970). Duster, Alfreda (ed.). Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-89344-8. LCCN 73108837. OCLC 8162296586. Retrieved September 8, 2019 – via Internet Archive (Negro American Biographies and Autobiographies Series. John Hope Franklin, Series Editor){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Wells, Ida B. (1894) [1892–1893]. The Red Record – Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynchings in the United States, 1892 – 1893 – 1894 (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Chicago: Donohue & Henneberry. Retrieved November 23, 2020 – via Frederick Douglass Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division. OCLC 26846545. Library of Congress, Manuscript/Mixed Material – www.loc.gov/item/mfd.40021. Also transcribed by Project Gutenberg → e-book No. 17977 (released February 8, 2005).
• "Wells, Ida B., Papers, 1884–1976". Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago. Special Collections. 1978. OCLC 19496699. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
• Wells, Ida B.; Douglass, Frederick; Penn, Garland I.; Bernett, Ferdinand Lee (1893). Wells, Ida B. (ed.). The Reason Why: The Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition. Chicago: Miss Ida B. Wells, 128 S. Clark Street. OCLC 702372532. Retrieved October 26, 2020 – via University of Pennsylvania Libraries. LCCN mfd.25023 {{cite book}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Wells, Ida B. (1892). Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. New York: New York Age Print. Archived from the original on 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2021-03-26 – via Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, New York Public Library.
• Wikimapia. "Ida B. Wells Homes Chicago, Illinois". wikimapia.org. Troitsk, Moscow (IP address: Frankfurt am Main). Retrieved May 12, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Willard, Frances (interviewed) (October 23, 1890). "The Race Problem – Miss Willard on the Political Puzzle of the South". New York Voice (weekly pro-prohibition newspaper). Vol. Vol. 7. New York, Astor Place: Funk & Wagnalls Company. OCLC 32278752 – via Frances Willard House Museum and Archives, Chicago. (the article is an inverview with Willard by the New York Voice when she was in Atlanta in October 1890 for WCTU's annual convention, wherein she stated: "The grog shop is its center of power. The safety of woman, of childhood, of the home is menaced in a thousand localities at this moment, so that men dare not go beyond the sight of their own roof tree.") {{cite news}}: |volume= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Yaeger, Lynn (October 21, 2015). "The African-American Suffragists History Forgot". Vogue (online). Retrieved May 5, 2018.
• Zackodnik, Teresa Christine, PhD (July–August 2005). "Ida B. Wells and 'American Atrocities" in Britain". Women's Studies International Forum. 28 (4). ScienceDirect (Elsevier): 259–273. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2005.04.012. ISSN 0277-5395. OCLC 936719646. Retrieved February 17, 2010.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

News media

• "A Bright Woman". St. Joseph Daily News (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Vol. 17, no. 9. St. Joseph, Missouri. June 11, 1895. p. 7. OCLC 13745156. Retrieved October 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.  (also LCCN sn86063691) {{cite news}}: External link in |quote= (help)
• Bonfiglio, Jeremy Dean (February 19, 2012). "Great Grandson of Influential Civil Rights Pioneer Ida B. Wells Keeps Her Legacy Alive". The Herald-Palladium. Vol. 127, no. 50. St. Joseph, Michigan. pp. 1–2 (section C). ISBN 9783847201823. OCLC 669922511. Retrieved October 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com Note: Daniel B. Duster (born 1968), in the article, is a great-grandson of Ida B. Wells-Barnett by way of his paternal grandmother, Alfreda Duster; he is a nephew of academician Troy Duster, PhD.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Brown, DeNeed L. (April 26, 2018). "Ida B. Wells: Lynching Museum, Memorial Honors Woman Who Fought Lynching". The Washington Post ("Retropolis" – a history blog; online). Retrieved April 27, 2018.
• Burgess, Katherine (October 26, 2020). "Ida B. Wells was driven out of Memphis in 1892. She might soon have her own statue there". USA Today (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Retrieved November 4, 2020. "One of the loudest voices speaking out against Wells in Memphis was Edward Ward Carmack, editor of the Memphis Commercial, the predecessor of The Commercial Appeal. He demanded that White citizens retaliate against 'the Black wench' for her writings against the lynchings."{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Burleigh, Nina (August 21, 1988). "Hall of Fame Will Induct 10". Chicago Tribune. Vol. 142, no. 234. p. 2, section 6. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved June 30, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
• Cavna, Michael (July 16, 2015). "Here's Why Google Doodle Salutes Fearless, Peerless Word-Warrior Ida B. Wells". The Washington Post (online). Retrieved January 14, 2019.
• Chase, William Calvin, ed. (October 22, 1892). "Miss Ida B. Wells – A Lecture". (3-column, tombstone-style advertisement). The Washington Bee (weekly newspaper, Saturdays) (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Vol. 11, no. 19. Washington, D.C.: Bee Publishing. p. 3. ISSN 1940-7424. LCCN sn84025891. OCLC 10587828. Retrieved November 10, 2020 – via Chronicling America.
• Collins, Sam P. K. (April 4–10, 2019). "D.C.'s Newest Middle School Named After Ida B. Wells". Education. The Washington Informer. Vol. 54, no. 25 (digitized print ed.). ISSN 0741-9414 – via ISSUU. The online edition, here, is dated March 26, 2019. {{cite news}}: External link in |edition= and |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Dickerson, Caitlin (March 9, 2018) [March 8, 2018]. Padnani, Amisha (Amy); Bennett, Jessica (eds.). "Ida B. Wells, Who Took on Racism in the Deep South With Powerful Reporting on Lynchings" (online). Women We Overlooked in 167 Years of New York Times Obituaries. The New York Times (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
• Gates, Anita (July 23, 2006). "Theater Review; A Pageant Based on History, With Songs That Yearn". The New York Times (National ed.). p. 14, section CN. Retrieved June 22, 2010. The article is a review of a 2002 musical drama, Constant Star, produced July 13–30, 2006, at the Westport Country Playhouse.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Greene, Morgan (May 4, 2020). "Ida B. Wells Receives Pulitzer Prize Citation: 'The Only Thing She Really Had Was the Truth'". Chicago Tribune (online). ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
• Grossman, Ron (June 23, 2013). "Illinois Women Win the Right to Vote". Chicago Tribune (online). ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
• Heather-Lea, Patricia (March 30, 2017). "Letter to the Editor: Ida Wells an inspiring heroine for International Women's Day". Addison County Independent. Vol. 71, no. 13. Middlebury, Vermont. Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
• Hineman, Brinley (June 12, 2020). "Protesters Hang an 'Ida B. Wells Plaza' Banner Where a Statue of Edward Carmack Stood Before It Was Toppled by Protesters". The Tennessean (online video). Nashville. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
• "Horrible but True". Cleveland Gazette. Vol. 9, no. 23. January 16, 1892. p. 1 – via Ohio Historical Society.
• "Birmingham Blue Plaque Unveiled to Commemorate Civil Rights Activist Ida B. Wells". I Am Birmingham (digital-only news). Birmingham, England: Adam Yosef. February 14, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
• Jalabi, Raya (July 16, 2015). "Ida B Wells, African American Activist, Honored by Google". The Guardian (online). London. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
• Linton, Caroline (TV host); Dickerson, Caitlin (TV guest) (March 8, 2018). "'We Want to Address These Inequities of Our Time': NYT Starts New Series Featuring Overlooked Obituaries". CBS News (online video & text). Retrieved March 31, 2019. The link to the article includes both text and video.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• "Miss Ida B. Wells About to Marry". The Washington Post. June 13, 1895. ISSN 2641-0702. LCCN sn82014727. OCLC 8787120. Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
• Pratt, Gregory; Byrne, John (July 25, 2018). "Ida B. Wells Gets Her Street—City Council Approves Renaming Congress in Her Honor". Chicago Tribune (online). chicagotribune.com. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved July 28, 2018. Chicago Tribune's Lolly Bowean contributed.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Rogers, Phil (TV news reporter) (April 11, 2018). "Great-Granddaughter of Ida B. Wells Looks to Erect Memorial" (archived video of a TV broadcast of local news). NBC Chicago (NBC 5). Retrieved November 3, 2020. (news reporter Rogers interviews Michelle Duster){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Sama, Dominic (February 4, 1990). "Issues Honor Ida B. Wells, Judicial System". Chicago Tribune (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Vol. 143, no. 35 (Final ed.). p. 11 (section 14). Retrieved November 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
• Slevin, Peter (July 10, 2018). "History: Movement to Honor Anti-Lynching Crusader and Journalist Ida B. Wells in Chicago Is Gaining Momentum, and Is 'Long Overdue'". Good Black News. News aggregator and blog of Facebook. (www.goodblacknews.org). Retrieved July 13, 2018. Originally published June 20, 2018, in The Lily of The Washington Post (link), which, in turn, was an adaptation of a story in the Washington Post by Peter Slevin published June 15, 2015, titled "'You Can't Just Gloss Over This History': The Movement to Honor Ida B. Wells Gains Momentum." {{cite news}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Smith, David (November 11, 2018). "Ida B Wells: The Unsung Heroine of the Civil Rights Movement". The Guardian (online) (US ed.). London. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
• Washington, Linn (February 14, 2019). "Ida Wells Barnett Honored in Birmingham, England". The Chicago Crusader (online). Retrieved February 17, 2019.
• Wells, Ida B. (1911). "The Negro's Quest for Work". Chicago Daily News.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) OCLC 11473657.

1. Reprinted by the New York Call (July 23, 1911). "The Negro's Quest for Work". LCCN sn83030226-{{{3}}}. OCLC 9448923 .
2. Transcribed and published by The Black Worker (1900 to 1919). Vol. 5. Foner, Philip Sheldon (1910–1994); Lewis, Ronald L. (eds.). Part I: "Economic Condition of the Black Worker at the Turn of the Twentieth-Century". Temple University Press. pp. 38–39 – via JSTOR j.ctvn1tcpp.5. OCLC 1129353605.

• Wormser, Richard. "The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow" – "Jim Crow Stories": "Ida B. Wells Forced Out of Memphis (1892)" (online). Newark, New Jersey: WNET, PBS. Retrieved November 27, 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Government and genealogical archives

• Flowers, Mary E. (sponsor) (February 12, 2012). "House Resolution 770: Ida B. Wells Day in the State of Illinois". House Journal, Ninety-Seventh General Assembly (PDF). Illinois House of Representatives (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Vol. 104th Legislative Day, Regular & Perfunctory Session. pp. 7–8. Retrieved November 9, 2020. " ... presented to Michelle Duster, great-granddaughter of Ida B. Wells for efforts to protect her legacy".{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Journal of the Senate of the 48th General Assembly of the State of Illinois. Illinois Senate (Regular Biennial Session ed.). Springfield: Illinois State Journal Co. 1914. Retrieved November 9, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
• Journal of the House of Representatives of the 48th General Assembly of the State of Illinois. Illinois House of Representatives (Regular Biennial Session ed.). Springfield: Illinois State Journal Co. 1914. Retrieved November 9, 2020 – via HathiTrust.

General references (not linked to notes)

• Buechler, Steven Michael, PhD (born 1951) (1990). Women's Movements in the United States: Woman Suffrage, Equal Rights, and Beyond (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1558-0. LCCN 89-49083. OCLC 925227511.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs, PhD (November 1986). "Style and Content in the Rhetoric of Early Afro‐American Feminists". Quarterly Journal of Speech (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). 72 (4). Routledge on behalf of the National Communication Association: 434–445. doi:10.1080/00335638609383786. eISSN 1479-5779. ISSN 0033-5630. LCCN 56053730. OCLC 4659161765.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Davis, Elizabeth Lindsay (1855–1944) (1922). The Story of the Illinois Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, 1900–1922 (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Chicago: Illinois Federation of Colored Women's Clubs. OCLC 830433285. Retrieved November 5, 2020 – via Internet Archive.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)  (portraits from the book have been digitized and are archived at the New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Jean Blackwell Hutson Research and Reference Division; ഫലകം:NYPL – click on "Digital Gallery").
• Effinger-Crichlow, Marta, PhD (née Marta Jenell Effinger) (2014) [2000]. "Chapter 1: 'Tell My People to Go West': Ida B. Wells". Staging Migrations Toward an American West: From Ida B. Wells to Rhodessa Jones. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 19–60. ISBN 978-1-6073-2311-2. OCLC 867020572.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)   JSTOR j.ctt83jhx6   (the author published a PhD dissertation under the same title in 2000 at Northwestern University; OCLC 1194713125)
• Gere, Anne Ruggle, PhD; Robbins, Sarah Ruffing, PhD (Spring 1996). "Gendered Literacy in Black and White: Turn-of-the-Century African-American and European-American Club Women's Printed Texts". Signs. 21 (3): 643–678. doi:10.1086/495101. ISSN 0097-9740. JSTOR 3175174. OCLC 4639157083. S2CID 143859735.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Hendricks, Wanda Ann, PhD (1998). Gender, Race, and Politics in the Midwest: Black Club Women in Illinos (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-2533-3447-3. LCCN 98-3091. OCLC 38520618.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Hentoff, Nat (March 28, 1994). "One Teacher's Struggle to Overcome Bigotry". Pasadena Star-News. p. A10. Retrieved November 6, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
• McCammon, Holly J., PhD (March 2003). "'Out of the Parlors and Into the Streets': The Changing Tactical Repertoire of the U.S. Women's Suffrage Movements". Social Forces. 81 (3). University of Oxford Press: 787–818. doi:10.1353/sof.2003.0037. ISSN 0037-7732. OCLC 703594031. S2CID 143456172.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Parker, Maegan F., PhD (married name: Maegan Parker Brooks) (Spring 2008). "Desiring Citizenship: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Wells/Willard Controversy". Women's Studies in Communication. 31 (1): 56–78. doi:10.1080/07491409.2008.10162522. ISSN 0749-1409. OCLC 347075486. S2CID 143574671.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Royster, Jacqueline Jones, ed. (2016) [1997]. Southern Horrors and Other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892–1900 (2nd ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 978-1-319-04904-1. OCLC 930997497.

Further reading

• Baker, Lee D. "Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862–1931) and Her Passion for Justice". Duke University. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
• Ida B. Wells (1862–1931) (Biography)
• Ida B. Wells, "Lynch Law" (1893), History Is a Weapon Website
• Davidson, James West. 'They say': Ida B. Wells and the Reconstruction of Race. Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-1951-6021-5. OCLC 237042761.
• Dray, Philip, Yours for Justice, Ida B. Wells: The Daring Life of a Crusading Journalist, Peachtree, 2008.
• "Illinois During the Gilded Age, 1866–1896" (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). DeKalb: Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at the Northern Illinois University Libraries. OCLC 62124756. Retrieved March 28, 2008.

1. "Ida B. Wells, 1862–1931"
   1. "The Writing of Ida B. Wells"
      1. A Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynchings in the United States, 1892–1893–1894
   2. "About Ida B. Wells and Her Writings". Schechter, Patricia Ann, PhD. Portland State University.
      1. "Biography of Ida B Wells"
      2. "The Anti-Lynching Pamphlets of Ida B. Wells, 1892–1920"
   3. "Video" – In the videos, Schechter talks about Wells' experiences and legacy – archive link Archived 2012-05-07 at the Wayback Machine. via Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on July 19, 2008 (14 files archived in RealMedia format). Retrieved March 28, 2008.

• Lutes, Jean Marie (2007). Front Page Girls: Women Journalists in American Culture and Fiction, 1880–1930. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7412-5. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
• Memphis Diary of Ida B. Wells, The, memoirs, travel notes and selected articles (Beacon Press, 1995)
• Shay, Alison (July 16, 2012). "Remembering Ida B. Wells-Barnett" (in അമേരിക്കൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2012 – via Wayback Machine.

This work was originally posted on a blog that was part of UNC's Long Civil Rights Movement Project – The LCRM Project (JSTOR 3660172). It was funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and UNC for five years, from 2008 to 2012, and its published works were a collaboration of (i) the UNC Special Collections Library, (ii) the University of North Carolina Press, and (iii) the Southern Oral History Program in UNC's Center for the Study of the American South. A fourth partner during the project's first three years was the Center for Civil Rights of UNC's School of Law.

• Silkey, Sarah Lynn, PhD. Black Woman Reformer: Ida B. Wells, Lynching, and Transatlantic Activism. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-8203-5378-4. OCLC 1005870470
• Wells, Ida B. (April 27, 2018). "'Lynching Is Color-Line Murder': The Blistering Speech Denouncing America's Shame". The Guardian. London. Retrieved October 8, 2020. (republication of "Lynching: Our National Cause", Wells' speech delivered during the 1909 National Negro Conference, published in the book, Proceedings of the National Negro Conference, 1909. pp. 174–179. New York: May 31 and June 1 – book is accessible via Internet Archive). {{cite news}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Ida B. Wells എന്ന വ്യക്തിയുടെ രചനകൾ പ്രോജക്ട് ഗുട്ടൻബർഗിൽനിന്ന്

പുറംകണ്ണികൾ

• ഐഡ ബി വെൽസ് എന്ന വ്യക്തിയുടെ രചനകൾ പ്രോജക്ട് ഗുട്ടൻബർഗിൽനിന്ന്
• ഐഡ ബി വെൽസ് at Find a Grave
• Norwood, Arlisha. "Ida B. Wells-Barnett". National Women's History Museum. 2017.
• Ida B. Wells Papers, 1884–1976. Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago Library, Special Collections Research Center; OCLC 19496699
• "Wells-Barnett, Ida B." (family photo) University of Chicago Library, Special Collections Research Center, Photo Archive