ക്രറ്റോ ഫോർമേഷൻ
തുടക്ക ക്രിറ്റേഷ്യസ് കാലഘട്ടത്തിൽ ബ്രസീലിലെ അരാരിപ്പ ബേസിനിൽ രൂപംകൊണ്ട ഭൗമ പാളികളാണ് ക്രറ്റോ ഫോർമേഷൻ (Crato Formation). ഇത് പാലിയെന്റോളജി വിദക്തർക്കു വളരെ ഉപകാരപ്രദമായ ഒരു ജീവാശ്മ ശേഖരമാണ്. 113 മില്യൺ വർഷങ്ങൾക്കു മുൻപാണ് ഇതിന്റെ അടുക്കുകൾ രൂപപ്പെട്ടതെന്നു കരുതുന്നു.
| Crato Formation Stratigraphic range: Latest Aptian ~115–113 Ma | |
|---|---|
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Santana Group |
| Sub-units | Nova Olinda Member |
| Underlies | Romualdo & Ipubi Formations |
| Overlies | Barbalha Formation |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Mudstone, limestone |
| Other | Siltstone |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 7°06′S 39°42′W / 7.1°S 39.7°W |
| Approximate paleocoordinates | 8°36′S 8°00′W / 8.6°S 8.0°W |
| Region | Ceará, Pernambuco |
| Country |  ബ്രസീൽ |
| Extent | Araripe Basin |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Crato, Ceará |
 Extent of the Santana Group, to which the Crato Formation belongs, in blue | |
ചരിത്രം
തിരുത്തുക
1823-ൽ ആണ് ആദ്യമായി മൽസ്യങ്ങളുടെ ജീവാശ്മങ്ങൾ ഇവിടെനിന്നും ലഭിക്കുന്നത്. 1993-ൽ ആണ് ശാസ്ത്രീയമായ പഠനങ്ങൾ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിക്കപ്പെട്ടത്. ചുണ്ണാമ്പുകല്ലിൽ നന്നായി പരിപാലിക്കപ്പെട്ട ടെറാസോറസ്, പലയിനം പ്രാണികൾ, മൽസ്യങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയുടെ ജീവാശ്മങ്ങൾ അവിടെനിന്നും ലഭിച്ചു. തുമ്പികളുടെ ലാർവകൾ, ഇമാഗോ എന്നിവ ഉൾപ്പെടെ 384 ജീവാശ്മങ്ങൾ ഇതുവരെ ലഭിച്ചു. ഹെമിപ്റ്റെറ, ഓർത്തപ്റ്റെറ, സസ്യങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയുടെ ജീവാശ്മങ്ങളും ധാരാളമായി ഇവിടെ കണ്ടെത്തി.
ജീവാശ്മങ്ങൾ
തിരുത്തുകപ്രാണികൾ
തിരുത്തുക| Insects of the Crato Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Description | Images |
|
A. seldoni |
Nova Olinda Member |
A Nymphid lacewing |
||
|
G. pulchra |
A Eolepidopterigidae moth |
|||
|
M. adamsi |
A Kalligrammatid lacewing |
|||
|
M. longimanus |
A Coxoplectopteran insect |
 | ||
|
N. nana |
A Eolepidopterigidae moth |
|||
|
P. incerta |
An Ithonidae lacewing, type species of Principiala |
|||
|
P. calipsa |
A Eolepidopterigidae moth |
|||
|
R. maxima |
||||
|
U. cariensis |
An Eolepidopterigidae moth |
|||
ആർത്രോപോഡ
തിരുത്തുക| Arthropods of the Crato Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Description | Images |
| Protoischnurus | P. axelrodorum | Scorpion | ||
മൽസ്യങ്ങൾ
തിരുത്തുക| Fish of the Crato Formation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Description | Images | Notes |
| Araripelepidotes | Araripelepidotes temnurus | ||||
| Belonostomus | Belonostomus sp. | ||||
| Calamopleurus | Calamopleurus cylindricus | ||||
| Cladocyclus | Cladocyclus gardneri | An Ichthyodectidae fish |  |
||
| Cratoamia | Cratoamia gondwanica | ||||
| Dastilbe | Dastilbe crandalli |  |
|||
| Lepidotes | Lepidotes wenzae | ||||
| Placidichthys | Placidichthys bidorsalis | ||||
| Santanichthys | Santanichthys diasii | ||||
ആംഫിബിയൻസ്
തിരുത്തുക| Amphibians of the Crato Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Description | Images |
|
Arariphrynus placidoi[13] |
||||
|
Cratia gracilis[13] |
||||
|
Eurycephalella alcinae[13] |
||||
|
Possible indeterminate pipoid remains.[13] |
||||
സ്‌ക്വമാറ്റ
തിരുത്തുക| Squamatans of the Crato Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Description | Images |
|
C. alamoi |
A non-iguana lizard |
|||
|
T. amplectus |
A stem group snake with limbs |
 | ||
ദിനോസറുകൾ
തിരുത്തുക| Dinosaurs and birds of the Crato Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
|
?Avialan species |
Numerous isolated feathers |
 | ||
|
C. cearensis |
 | |||
|
?Spinosaur species |
Isolated tooth |
|||
ക്രൂരോടാർസൻസ്
തിരുത്തുക| Crocodylomorphs of the Crato Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Description | Images |
|
Susisuchus anatoceps[14] |
 | |||
|
cf. Susisuchus sp.[15] |
Undescribed species | |||
Pterosaurs
തിരുത്തുക| Pterosaurs of the Crato Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Presence | Description | Images |
|
A. conandoylei |
||||
|
A. cearensis |
A basal member of the Tapejarinae. |  | ||
|
B. sp. |
||||
|
L. magnificens |
Nova Olinda Member |
 | ||
|
L. sibbicki |
An ornithocheirid |
 | ||
|
T. imperator |
 | |||
|
?T. sp. |
||||
ഫ്ലോറ
തിരുത്തുകമറ്റു ജീവാശ്മങ്ങൾ
തിരുത്തുക- Araripenaeus timidus[17]
- †Cratoalloneura – type locality for genus
- †Cratoalloneura acuminata – type locality for species
- †Cratoalloneura verdandia – type locality for species
- †Cratoatractocerus – type locality for genus
- †Cratoatractocerus grimaldii – type locality for species
- †Cratoborellia – type locality for genus
- †Cratoborellia gorbi – type locality for species
- †Cratochrysa – type locality for genus
- †Cratochrysa martinsnetoi – type locality for species
- †Cratochrysa sublapsa – type locality for species
- †Cratochrysa willmanni – type locality for species
- †Cratocora – type locality for genus
- †Cratocora crassa – type locality for species
- †Cratocordulia – type locality for genus
- †Cratocordulia borschukewitzi – type locality for species
- †Cratocoris – type locality for genus
- †Cratocoris shevchenkoae – type locality for species
- †Cratocorydalopsis – type locality for genus
- †Cratocorydalopsis brasiliensis – type locality for species
- †Cratocossus – type locality for genus
- †Cratocossus magnus – type locality for species
- †Cratodactylus – type locality for genus
- †Cratodactylus ferreirai – type locality for species
- †Cratodactylus kellneri – type locality for species
- †Cratoelcana – type locality for genus
- †Cratoelcana damianii – type locality for species
- †Cratoelcana zessini – type locality for species
- †Cratoenigma – type locality for genus
- †Cratoenigma articulata – type locality for species
- †Cratogomphus – type locality for genus
- †Cratogomphus erraticus – type locality for species
- †Cratogryllus – type locality for genus
- †Cratogryllus cigueli – type locality for species
- †Cratogryllus guimaraesae – type locality for species
- †Cratogryllus pentagonalis – type locality for species
- †Cratohagenius – type locality for genus
- †Cratohagenius erichweberi – type locality for species
- †Cratohaglopsis – type locality for genus
- †Cratohaglopsis santanaensis – type locality for species
- †Cratohexagenites – type locality for genus
- †Cratohexagenites longicercus – type locality for species
- †Cratohexagenites minor – type locality for species
- †Cratokalotermes – type locality for genus
- †Cratokalotermes santanensis – type locality for species
- †Cratolindenia – type locality for genus
- †Cratolindenia knuepfae – type locality for species
- †Cratolocustopsis
- †Cratolocustopsis araripensis – type locality for species
- †Cratolocustopsis contumax’ – type locality for species
- †Cratolocustopsis cretacea – type locality for species
- †Cratomacer – type locality for genus
- †Cratomacer ephippiger – type locality for species
- †Cratomacer immersus – type locality for species
- †Cratomastotermes – type locality for genus
- †Cratomastotermes wolfschwenningeri – type locality for species
- †Cratomyia – type locality for genus
- †Cratomyia cretacica – type locality for species
- †Cratomyia macrorrhyncha – type locality for species
- †Cratonemonyx – type locality for genus
- †Cratonemonyx martinsnetoi – type locality for species
- †Cratonemopteryx – type locality for genus
- †Cratonemopteryx audax – type locality for species
- †Cratonemopteryx robusta – type locality for species
- †Cratonemopteryx speciosa – type locality for species
- †Cratonepa – type locality for genus
- †Cratonepa enigmatica – type locality for species
- †Cratonerthra – type locality for genus
- †Cratonerthra corinthiana – type locality for species
- †Cratonerthra estevezae – type locality for species
- †Cratoneura – type locality for genus
- †Cratoneura dividens – type locality for species
- †Cratoneura longissima – type locality for species
- †Cratoneura pulchella – type locality for species
- †Cratonympha – type locality for genus
- †Cratonympha microcelata – type locality for species
- †Cratopelocoris – type locality for genus
- †Cratopelocoris carpinteroi – type locality for species
- †Cratopetalia – type locality for genus
- †Cratopetalia whiteheadi – type locality for species
- †Cratopetalura – type locality for genus
- †Cratopetalura
- †Cratopetalura petruleviciusi – type locality for species
- †Cratopetalura petruleviciusi
- †Cratopsychopsis – type locality for genus
- †Cratopsychopsis maiseyi – type locality for species
- †Cratopteryx – type locality for genus
- †Cratopteryx
- †Cratopteryx nemopteroides – type locality for species
- †Cratopteryx robertosantosi – type locality for species
- †Cratoraricrus – type locality for genus
- †Cratoraricrus oberlii – type locality for species
- †Cratoscalapha – type locality for genus
- †Cratoscalapha electroneura – type locality for species
- †Cratosisyrops – type locality for genus
- †Cratosisyrops gonzagai – type locality for species
- †Cratosmylus – type locality for genus
- †Cratosmylus magnificus – type locality for species
- †Cratosolpuga
- †Cratosolpuga wunderlichi – type locality for species
- †Cratostenophlebia – type locality for genus
- †Cratostenophlebia schwickerti – type locality for species
- †Cratotabanus – type locality for genus
- †Cratotabanus stonemyomorphus – type locality for species
- †Cratotetraspinus – type locality for genus
- †Cratotetraspinus fossorius – type locality for species
- †Cratotipula – type locality for genus
- †Cratotipula latialata – type locality for species
- †Cratovitisma – type locality for genus
- †Cratovitisma oldreadi – type locality for species
- †Cratovoluptia – type locality for genus
- †Cratovoluptia criptoneura – type locality for species
- †Cratozeunerella – type locality for genus
- †Cratozeunerella amedegnatoi – type locality for species
- †Cratozeunerella godoii – type locality for species
- †Cratozeunerella neotropica – type locality for species
- †Cratozeunerella nervosa – type locality for species
- †Cratozeunerella soaresi – type locality for species
- †Cratozeunerella titanella – type locality for species
അവലംബം
തിരുത്തുക- ↑ Myskowiak, 2016
- ↑ Bechly et al., 2016
- ↑ Makarkin & Menon, 2007
- ↑ Aparecida et al., 2015, p.25
- ↑ Aparecida et al., 2015, p.35
- ↑ Aparecida et al., 2015, p.29
- ↑ Aparecida et al., 2015, p.36
- ↑ Aparecida et al., 2015, p.31
- ↑ Aparecida et al., 2015, p.51
- ↑ Aparecida et al., 2015, p.26
- ↑ Aparecida et al., 2015, p.33
- ↑ Aparecida et al., 2015, p.47
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Báez et al., 2009
- ↑ Salisbury et al., 2003
- ↑ Figueiredo & Kellner, 2009
- ↑ Jorge de Lima et al., 2015, p.102
- ↑ Pinheiro, 2014, p.4
ഗ്രന്ഥസൂചിക
തിരുത്തുക- Aparecida dos Reis Polck, Márcia; Marise Sardenberg Salgado de Carvalho; Raphael Miguel, and Valéria Gallo. 2015. Guia de identificação de peixes fósseis das Formações Crato e Santana da Bacia do Araripe, 1-74. Serviço Geológico do Brasil (CPRM).
- Assine, Mario L. 1992. Análise estratigráfica da Bacia do Araripe, Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Geociências 22. 289–300. Accessed 2018-10-05.
- Báez, A.M.; G.J.B. Moura, and R.O. Gómez. 2009. Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil: implications for the early divergence of neobatrachians. Cretaceous Research 30. 829–846. Accessed 2018-10-06.
- Bechly, G., and V. N. Makarkin. 2016. A new gigantic lacewing species (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil confirms the occurrence of Kalligrammatidae in the Americas. Cretaceous Research 58. 135–140. Accessed 2018-10-06.
- Fabin, Carlos E.; Osvaldo J. Correia Filho; Márcio L. Alencar; José A. Barbosa; Tiago S. de Miranda; Virgínio H. Neumann; Igor F. Gomes, and Felipe R. de Santana. 2018. Stratigraphic Relations of the Ipubi Formation: Siliciclastic-Evaporitic Succession of the Araripe Basin. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 90. 2049–2071. Accessed 2018-10-05.
- Figueiredo, R.G., and A.W.A. Kellner. 2009. A new crocodylomorph specimen from the Araripe Basin (Crato Member, Santana Formation), northeastern Brazil. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 83. 323–331. Accessed 2018-10-06.
- Jorge de Lima, Flaviana; Antonio Álamo Feitosa Saraiva, and Juliana Manso Sayão. 2012. Revisão da paleoflora das Formações Missão Velha, Crato e Romualdo, Bacia do Araripe, nordeste do Brasil. Estudos Geológicos 22. 99–115.
- Leite da Silva, Agnelo, and Virginio Enrique Neumann. 2003. Formação Crato da Bacia do Araripe: um reservatório análogo ao Calcário Trairí (Formação Paracuru), Bacia do Ceará, 1–6. 2o Congresso Brasileiro de P&D em Petróleo & Gás. Accessed 2018-10-06.
- Makarkin, V.N., and F. Menon. 2007. First record of fossil 'rapismatid-like' Ithonidae (Insecta, Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil. Cretaceous Research 28. 743–753. Accessed 2018-10-06.
- Martill, David M.; Günter Bechly, and Robert F. Loveridge. 2007. The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World, 236. Cambridge University Press. Accessed 2018-10-06. ISBN 978-1-139-46776-6
- Pinheiro, Allysson P.; Antônio Á.F. Saraiva, and William Santana. 2014. Shrimps from the Santana Group (Cretaceous: Albian): new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata) and new record (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências _. 1–8. Accessed 2018-10-06.
- Salisbury, S.W.; E. Frey; D.M. Martill, and M.C. Buchy. 2003. A new crocodilian from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of north-eastern Brazil. Palaeontographica. Abteilung A, Palaozoologie - Stratigraphie 270. 3–47. Accessed 2018-10-06.
- Scherer, C.M.d.S.; E.F. Jardim de Sá; V.C. Córdoba; D.d.C. Sousa; M.M. Aquino, and F.M.C. Cardoso. 2013. Tectono-Stratigraphic evolution of the upper Jurassic-Neocomian rift succession, Araripe Basin, Northeast Brazil. Journal of South American Geosciences _. 1–43. Accessed 2018-10-05.
- Weishampel, David B. et al. 2004. Dinosaur distribution (Early Cretaceous, South America) in: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 563–570. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24209-2
- Bétard, François; Jean-Pierre Peulvast; Alexsandra de Oliveira Magalhães; Maria de Lourdes Carvalho Neta, and Francisco Idalecio de Freitas. 2017. Araripe Basin: A Major Geodiversity Hotspot in Brazil. Geoheritage _. 1–18. Accessed 2018-10-06.
- Neumann, V.H.; A.G. Borrego; L. Cabrera, and R. Dino. 2003. Organic matter composition and distribution through the Aptian–Albian lacustrine sequences of the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil. International Journal of Coal Geology 54. 21–40. Accessed 2018-10-05.