അസ്സീറിയർ
പശ്ചിമേഷ്യയിലെ മെസപ്പൊട്ടാമിയ മേഖലയിൽ അധിവസിക്കുന്ന ഒരു തദ്ദേശീയ വംശീയ ജനവിഭാഗമാണ് അസ്സീറിയർ.[i][കുറിപ്പ് 1] ക്രി. മു. 2600ഓട് അടുത്ത് വടക്കൻ മെസപ്പൊട്ടാമിയായിൽ ഒരു നാഗരികത കെട്ടിപ്പൊക്കിയ അക്കാദിയൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം, സുമേറിയൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം മുതലായവയിൽ നിന്ന് ഒരുത്തിരിഞ്ഞ പുരാതന അസീറിയർ, ബാബിലോണിയർ എന്നിവരുടെ തുടർച്ച ഇവർ അവകാശപ്പെടുന്നു.[50][51] 'സുറിയാനിക്കാർ',[കുറിപ്പ് 2] 'കൽദായർ',[കുറിപ്പ് 3] അല്ലെങ്കിൽ 'അറമായർ'[കുറിപ്പ് 4] എന്ന് മതപരവും ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രപരവും സാമുദായികവുമായി വിളിക്കപ്പെടാൻ ആഗ്രഹിക്കുന്ന അസീറിയരും ഉണ്ട്.[56][57]
Total population | |
---|---|
3.3–5 ദശലക്ഷം[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
അസ്സീറിയൻ സ്വദേശം: | സംഖ്യ മാറ്റങ്ങൾക്ക് വിധേയമാണ് |
ഇറാഖ് | 142,000–200,000[8][9] |
സിറിയ | 200,000–877,000 (സിറിയൻ ആഭ്യന്തരയുദ്ധത്തിന് മുമ്പ്)[10][11][12][13] |
തുർക്കി | 25,000[14] |
ഇറാൻ | 7,000–17,000[15] |
അസ്സീറിയൻ പ്രവാസികൾ: | സംഖ്യ മാറ്റങ്ങൾക്ക് വിധേയമാണ് |
അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകൾ | 600,000[16][17][18] |
സ്വീഡൻ | 150,000[19] |
ജർമ്മനി | 70,000–100,000[20][21] |
ജോർദാൻ | 30,000–150,000[22][23] |
ഓസ്ട്രേലിയ | 61,000 (2020 est.)[24] |
ലെബനാൻ | 50,000[25] |
നെതർലൻഡ്സ് | 25,000–35,000[26] |
കാനഡ | 19,685[27] |
ഫ്രാൻസ് | 16,000[28] |
റഷ്യ | 14,000[29] |
ഗ്രീസ് | 6,000[30] |
അർമേനിയ | 2,769–6,000[31][32] |
ഓസ്ട്രിയ | 2,500–5,000[33][34] |
യുണൈറ്റഡ് കിങ്ഡം | 3,000–4,000[35] |
ജോർജ്ജിയ | 3,299[36][37] |
പലസ്തീൻ | 1,500–5,000[38][39] |
ഉക്രൈൻ | 3,143[40] |
ഇറ്റലി | 3,000[41] |
ന്യൂസിലാന്റ് | 1,497[42] |
ഇസ്രായേൽ | 1,000[43] |
ഡെൻമാർക്ക് | 700[44] |
കസാഖ്സ്ഥാൻ | 350[45] |
Languages | |
നവീന അറമായ ഭാഷകൾ (സൂറെത്, തുറോയോ), സുറിയാനി (ആരാധനാക്രമപരം), അക്കാദിയൻ (പുരാതനകാലത്ത്), സുമേറിയൻ (പുരാതനകാലത്ത്) | |
Religion | |
പ്രമുഖമായും സുറിയാനി ക്രിസ്തീയത ന്യൂനപക്ഷം പ്രൊട്ടസ്റ്റന്റ് സഭകൾ, യഹൂദർ |
ലോകത്തിലെ തുടർച്ചയായി സംസാരിക്കപ്പെടുന്തും എഴുതപ്പെടുന്നതുമായ ഏറ്റവും പുരാതനമായ ഭാഷകളിൽ ഒന്നായ അറമായ ഭാഷയുടെ അക്കാദിയൻ സ്വാധീനമുള്ള രൂപഭേദങ്ങളാണ് അസ്സീറിയരുടെ പ്രമുഖഭാഷ. [58][59][60][61]
ഏതാണ്ട് എല്ലാ അസ്സീറിയരും ക്രൈസ്തവരാണ്.[62] അതിൽ ഭൂരിഭാഗം പേരും കൽദായ, അന്ത്യോഖ്യൻ സുറിയാനി ആചാരക്രമങ്ങൾ പിന്തുടരുന്നു.[63][49] കൽദായ കത്തോലിക്കാ സഭ, കിഴക്കിന്റെ അസ്സീറിയൻ സഭ, സുറിയാനി ഓർത്തഡോക്സ് സഭ, സുറിയാനി കത്തോലിക്കാ സഭ, കിഴക്കിന്റെ പുരാതന സഭ എന്നിവയാണ് ഇവരുടെ പ്രധാന സഭാവിഭാഗങ്ങൾ.
ഇറാഖ്, തെക്കുകിഴക്കൻ തുർക്കി, വടക്കുപടിഞ്ഞാറൻ ഇറാൻ, വടക്കുകിഴക്കൻ സിറിയ എന്നിവ ഉൾപ്പെടുന്ന പുരാതന വടക്കൻ മെസപ്പെട്ടാമിയയും സാബ് നദികളുടെ തീരവുമാണ് ഇവരുടെ പരമ്പരാഗത അധിവാസമേഖല.[47] എന്നാൽ നിലവിൽ ആധുനിക അസീറിയർ ഭൂരിപക്ഷവും ലോകത്തിൻറെ മറ്റ് ഭാഗങ്ങളിലേക്ക് പ്രത്യേകിച്ച് വടക്കേ അമേരിക്ക, ഓസ്ട്രേലിയ, യൂറോപ്പ്, റഷ്യ, കോക്കസസ്, പ്രവാസികളായി കുടിയേറി പാർത്തിട്ടുണ്ട്. പത്തൊമ്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിന്റെ അവസാനത്തിലും ഇരുപതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിന്റെ ആരംഭത്തിലും ഒട്ടോമൻ സാമ്രാജ്യഭരണകൂടവും കുർദ്ദിഷ് ഗോത്രവിഭാഗങ്ങളും നടത്തിയ ഹക്കാറി കൂട്ടക്കൊലകൾ, ദിയാർബെകീർ കൂട്ടക്കൊലകൾ, ഒന്നാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധകാലത്തെ അസ്സീറിയൻ വംശഹത്യ (അർമ്മേനിയൻ, ഗ്രീക്ക് വംശഹത്യകളോടൊപ്പം) എന്നിവയും ഇറാനിലെ ഇസ്ലാമിക വിപ്ലവം, ഇറാഖിലെ ബാഥി അധികാരകയറ്റം, 2003ൽ യു. എസ്. ന്റെ നേതൃത്വത്തിൽ സഖ്യസേന നടത്തിയ ഇറാഖ് അധിനിവേശം, 2011 മുതലുള്ള സിറിയൻ ആഭ്യന്തര യുദ്ധം തുടങ്ങി പിൽക്കാലത്ത് പ്രദേശത്ത് അരങ്ങേറിയ രാഷ്ട്രീയ വിപ്ലവങ്ങൾ, അരക്ഷിതാവസ്ഥ, ഇസ്ലാമിക മതമൗലികവാദപ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയും ആണ് ഇതിന് കാരണമായത്. 2014-2017 കാലത്ത് പ്രദേശത്തെ പിടിച്ചുകുലുക്കിയ ഇസ്ലാമിക് സ്റ്റേറ്റ് ഭീകരവാദികളുടെ അക്രമങ്ങളും മതവംശീയ ഉന്മൂലനവും ഈ സംഭവപരമ്പരയിലെ ഏറ്റവും പുതിയ ഏടാണ്.[64][65][66][67][68]
അവലംബം
തിരുത്തുകകുറിപ്പുകൾ
തിരുത്തുക- ↑ മദ്ധ്യപൂർവ്വദേശത്തെ തദ്ദേശീയരായ അസീറിയക്കാർ.[46][47][48][49]
- ↑ അസ്സീറിയരുടെ മറ്റൊരു നാമമായി സിറിയാക്സ് (സുറിയാനിക്കാർ) എന്ന പദത്തിന്റെ ഉപയോഗം.[52][53][49]
- ↑ അസ്സീറിയരുടെ മറ്റൊരു നാമമായി കൽദായർ എന്ന പദത്തിന്റെ ഉപയോഗം.[52][46][53][49]
- ↑ അസ്സീറിയരുടെ മറ്റൊരു നാമമായി "അറാമായർ" എന്ന പദത്തിന്റെ ഉപയോഗം.[52][54][55]
സൂചിക
തിരുത്തുക- ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Syriacs". Refworld. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
- ↑ Baumer 2006.
- ↑ Murre van den Berg 2011, പുറം. 2304.
- ↑ Simmons, Mary Kate (1998). Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-411-0223-2.
- ↑ SIL Ethnologue estimate for the "ethnic population" associated with Neo-Aramaic Archived 2 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture". Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ↑ "Assyrians: "3,000 Years of History, Yet the Internet is Our Only Home"". www.culturalsurvival.org. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ↑ "Population Project". Shlama Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ↑ "Erasing the Legacy of Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria". Assyrian Policy Institute.
- ↑ "Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. 2014-04-28. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
- ↑ "Prior to the start of the war in Syria, it is estimated that the country was home to approximately 200,000 ethnic Assyrians" Syria: Assyrian Policy Institute Archived 31 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "The Assyrian population in Iraq, estimated at approximately 200,000, constitutes the largest remaining concentration of the ethnic group in the Middle East." Assyrian Policy Institute's Erasing the Legacy of the Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria Archived 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Turkey-Syria deal allows Syriacs to cross border for religious holidays "An estimated 25,000 Syriacs live in Turkey, while Syria boasts some 877,000."
- ↑ "2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Turkey". Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ↑ "2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Iran". Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ↑ "Assyrian Genocide Resolution Read in Arizona Assembly". www.aina.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ↑ "Arizona HCR2006 – TrackBill". trackbill.com (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ↑ "HCR2006 – 542R – I Ver". www.azleg.gov. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ↑ Nyheter, SVT (9 May 2018). "Statministerns folkmordsbesked kan avgöra kommunvalet: "Underskatta inte frågan"". SVT Nyheter (in സ്വീഡിഷ്). Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ↑ "Diskussion zum Thema 'Aaramäische Christen' im Kapitelshaus" Borkener Zeitung (in German) (archived link, 8 October 2011)
- ↑ 70,000 Syriac Christians according to REMID Archived 25 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. (of which 55,000 Syriac Orthodox).
- ↑ "Assyrian and Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan". ChristianHeadlines.com. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ↑ "Brief History of Assyrians". www.aina.org. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ↑ "2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016". Archived from the original on 2017-07-09.
- ↑ "Lebanon | Assyrian Policy Institute". Assyrian Policy. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ↑ Miri, Adhid (January 27, 2021). "Chaldeans in Europe Part V". Chaldean News. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
- ↑ "Canada Census Profile 2021". Census Profile, 2021 Census. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ↑ Wieviorka & Bataille 2007, പുറങ്ങൾ. 166
- ↑ НАСЕЛЕНИЕ ПО НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТИ И ВЛАДЕНИЮ РУССКИМ ЯЗЫКОМ ПО СУБЪЕКТАМ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in റഷ്യൻ). Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
- ↑ Tzilivakis, Kathy (10 May 2003). "Iraq's Forgotten Christians Face Exclusion in Greece". Athens News. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
- ↑ "2011 Armenian Census" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
- ↑ "Assyrians in Armenia wish to have own representative in Parliament". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ↑ "Assyrische Bevölkerung weltweit". bethnahrin. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ↑ Özkan, Duygu (31 March 2012). "Die christlichen Assyrer zu Wien". DiePresse. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ↑ "This figure is an estimate from the Assyrian Cultural and Advice Centre" [1] Archived 1 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. at Iraqi Assyrians in London: Beyond the 'Immigrant/Refugee' Divide; Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1995 Archived 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "According to the 1989 population census, there were 5,200 Assyrians in Georgia (0.1 percent); according to the 2002 census, their number dropped to 3,299, while their percentage remained the same" [2] Archived 2021-10-25 at the Wayback Machine. [The Assyrians of Georgia: Ethnic Specifics Should Be Preserved in the Journal of Central Asia and the Caucasus]
- ↑ "Georgia – ecoi.net – European Country of Origin Information Network". Archived from the original on 2014-11-05. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
- ↑ "Syriacs still going strong – Syriacs in Palestine". Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ↑ Shams, Alex (2 November 2015). "Learning the language of Jesus Christ". Roads & Kingdoms. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
- ↑ State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census Archived 24 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine. (Ukrainian)
- ↑ "Brief History of Assyrians". www.aina.org. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
- ↑ "2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Assyrian". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
- ↑ "The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel". parshan.co.il (in ഹീബ്രു). Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ↑ Fenger-Grøndahl, Af Malene (1 May 2017). "Assyrer: At vi har vores eget sted, styrker min følelse af at høre til i Danmark". Kristeligt Dagblad (in ഡാനിഷ്). Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ↑ "Assyrian Community in Kazakhstan Survived Dark Times, Now Focuses on Education". The Astana Times. 2014-12-19. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Nisan 2002, പുറം. 180.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Laing-Marshall 2005, പുറം. 149-150.
- ↑ Wolk 2008, പുറം. 107-109.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Hanish 2015, പുറം. 517.
- ↑ Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988). In the world of Sumer: an autobiography. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2121-6. OCLC 17726815.
- ↑ A. Leo Oppenheim (1964). Ancient Mesopotamia (PDF). The University of Chicago Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Al-Jeloo 1999.
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Kalpakian 2011, പുറം. 30.
- ↑ Donabed & Mako 2009, പുറം. 72.
- ↑ Kalpakian 2011, പുറം. 30-31.
- ↑ ഫലകം:Web
- ↑ Hanish, Shak (2008-03-22). "The Chaldean Assyrian Syriac people of Iraq: an ethnic identity problem". Digest of Middle East Studies (in English). 17 (1): 32–48. doi:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ Naby, Eden (2016), The Assyrians and Aramaic: Speaking the Oldest Living Language of the Middle East.
- ↑ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aramaic language.
- ↑ Barr, James, WHICH LANGUAGE DID JESUS SPEAK? SOME REMARKS OF A SEMITIST, p. 29.
- ↑ Khan, Geoffrey (2012), The Language of the Modern Assyrians: The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialect group.
- ↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-313-32109-2.
The Assyrians, although closely associated with their Christian religion, are divided among a number of Christian sects. The largest denominations are the Chaldean Catholic Church with about 45% of the Assyrian population, the Syriac Orthodox with 26%, the Assyrian Church of the East with 19%, the free Orthodox Church of Antioch or Syriac Catholic Church with 4%, and various Protestant sects with a combined 6%.
- ↑ For Assyrians as a Christian people, see
- ↑ "Falling for ISIS Propaganda About Christians". www.aina.org. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ↑ Eden Naby. "Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community". Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
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ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref>
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