ഇന്ത്യാ-പാകിസ്താൻ യുദ്ധം 1965

ഇന്ത്യാ-പാകിസ്താൻ യുദ്ധം 1965
	ഇന്ത്യ-പാകിസ്താൻ യുദ്ധങ്ങളുടെ ഭാഗം
തിയതി	ആഗസ്ത് – 23 സെപ്തംബർ 1965
സ്ഥലം	തെക്കേ ഏഷ്യ
ഫലം	* അപൂർണ്ണം; ഐക്യരാഷ്ട്ര സംഘടന നിർദ്ദേശിച്ച വെടിനിർത്തൽ. സ്ഥിരമായ അതിർത്തി മാറ്റമില്ല (താഷ്കന്റ് ഉടമ്പടി കാണുക).;
യുദ്ധത്തിൽ ഏർപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നവർ
ഇന്ത്യ	പാകിസ്താൻ
പടനായകരും മറ്റു നേതാക്കളും
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; (President of India); Lal Bahadur Shastri; (Prime Minister of India); Gen. J.N Chaudhuri; (Chief of the Army Staff); Lt.Gen. Harbaksh Singh; (Western Army Command) ; AM Arjan Singh; (Chief of the Air Staff) ; Maj.Gen. Gurbaksh Singh; (GOC, 15th Infantry Division) ; Brig. Z.C.Bakhshi	Ayub Khan; (President of Pakistan) ; Gen Muhammad Musa; (Chief of Army Staff) ; AM Malik Nur Khan; (Chief of Air Staff) ; Adm S.M. Ahsan; (Chief of Naval Staff) ; LGen Bakhtiar Rana; (Commander, I Corps) ; MGen Tikka Khan; (GOC, 12th Regiment Artillery) ; MGen A.H. Malik; (GOC, 12th Army Infantry) ; MGen Iftikhar Janjua ; BGen A.A. Malik; (24th Army Infantry); Cdre S.M. Anwar; (Commander, 25th Navy Group)
ശക്തി
700,000 Infantry; 700+ aircrafts; 720 Tanks 186 Centurions; 346 Shermans; 90 AMX; 90 PT-76; 628 Artillery 66x 3.7"How; 450x 25pdr; 96x 5.5"; 16x 7.2";	260,000 Infantry; 280 aircrafts ; 756 Tanks 352 Pattons; 308 Shermans; 96 Chaffees; 552 Artillery 72x105mm How; 234X25pdr; 126x155mm How; 48x8" How; 72x3.7" How; POK Lt Btys;
നാശനഷ്ടങ്ങൾ
Neutral claims 3,000 men; 150–190 tanks; 60–75 aircraft; 540 km2 (210mi2) of territory lost (primarily in Rann of Kutch); Indian claims 35–59 aircraft lost In addition, Indian sources claim that there were 13 IAF aircraft lost in accidents, and 3 Indian civilian aircraft shot down.; 322 km2 territory lost; Pakistani claims 8,200 men killed or captured; 110–113 aircraft destroyed; 500 tanks captured or destroyed ; 2602, 2575 km2 territory gained ; 1600 square miles territory gained according to Husain Haqqani;	Neutral claims 3,800 men; 200-300 Tanks; 20 aircraft; Over 1,840 km2 (710 mi2) of territory lost (primarily in Sialkot, Lahore, and Kashmir sectors); Pakistani claims 19 aircraft lost; Indian claims 5259 men killed or captured ; 43 −73 aircraft destroyed ; 471 tanks destroyed ; 3,900 km2 territory gained;

1965 ഏപ്രിൽ മുതൽ സെപ്തംബർ വരെ ഇന്ത്യയും പാകിസ്താനുമായി നടന്ന യുദ്ധങ്ങളാണ് ഇന്ത്യാ-പാകിസ്താൻ യുദ്ധം 1965 (Indo-Pakistani War of 1965) എന്ന് അറിയപ്പെടുന്നത്. ഓപറേഷൻ ജിബ്രാൾട്ടർ എന്നു പാകിസ്താൻ പേരിട്ട, തങ്ങളുടെ സേനകളെ ജമ്മു കാശ്മീരിലേക്ക് നുഴഞ്ഞുകയറ്റാനുള്ള പദ്ധതിയെത്തുടന്നാണ് പ്രശ്നങ്ങൾ ഉണ്ടാവുന്നത്. തിരിച്ചടിയായി പാകിസ്താനുമായി പൂർണ്ണയുദ്ധത്തിലേക്ക് ഇന്ത്യ ഇറങ്ങുകയായിരുന്നു. പതിനേഴ് ദിവസം നീണ്ടുനിന്ന യുദ്ധത്തിൽ ആണ് രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധത്തിനു ശേഷം നടന്ന ടാങ്കുകൾ ഉൾപ്പെടെയുള്ള ഏറ്റവും വലിയ സേനാമുന്നേറ്റം നടന്നത്.^[19]^[20] ഐക്യരാഷ്ട്രസഭയുടെ നേതൃത്വത്തിൽ അമേരിക്കയും റഷ്യയും അടക്കമുള്ള ശക്തികളുടെ മധ്യസ്ഥതയിൽ ഒപ്പുവച്ച താഷ്‌കന്റ് ഉടമ്പടിയോടെയാണ് വെടിനിർത്തൽ ഉണ്ടായത്.^[21] യുദ്ധത്തിന്റെ ഏറിയഭാഗവും ഇരുരാജ്യങ്ങൾക്കുമിടയിലുള്ള പശ്ചിമ അതിർത്തിയിലാണ് നടന്നത്.^[22] മറ്റു പല ഇന്ത്യ-പാകിസ്താൻ യുദ്ധങ്ങളെപ്പോലെ ഈ യുദ്ധത്തെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള പല കാര്യങ്ങളും വ്യക്തമല്ല.^[1]

കുറിപ്പുകൾ

അവലംബം

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "Indo-Pakistani War of 1965". Global Security.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Rakshak, Bharat. "Page 15" (PDF). Official History. Times of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-29. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 T. V. Paul 1994, p. 107.
↑ ^4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 ^4.14 ^4.15 ^4.16 ^4.17 SIngh, Lt.Gen Harbaksh (1991). War Despatches. New Delhi: Lancer International. p. 7. ISBN 81-7062-117-8.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 Thomas M. Leonard (2006). Encyclopedia of the developing world. Taylor & Francis. pp. 806–. ISBN 978-0-415-97663-3. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
↑ "Indo-Pakistan Wars". Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
↑ Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-57607-995-9.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Praagh, David. The greater game: India's race with destiny and China. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2003. ISBN 0-7735-2639-0.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Johnson, Robert (2005). A region in turmoil: South Asian conflicts since 1947. Reaktion Books, 2005. ISBN 1-86189-257-8.
↑ Van Creveld, 2012, pp. 286–287.
↑ "Official History of IAF in 65 War". Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
↑ Bharat-Rakshak.com http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Loss1965.html Archived 2015-05-07 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 ^13.5 ^13.6 ^13.7 O' Nordeen, Lon (1985). Air Warfare in the Missile Age. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 84–87. ISBN 978-0-87474-680-8.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 1965 War: A Different Legacy: ALL THINGS PAKISTAN. Pakistaniat.com (1965-09-06). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
↑ 1965 War Archived 2016-01-07 at the Wayback Machine.. Pakistan army (2009-09-01). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
↑ Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. p. 172.
↑ The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
↑ "Ceasefire & After". Bharat-rakshak.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
↑ David R. Higgins 2016.
↑ Rachna Bisht 2015.
↑ Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
↑ Dr Shah Alam (11 April 2012). Pakistan Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 41. ISBN 978-93-81411-79-7.

അധികവായനയ്ക്ക്

T. V. Paul (10 March 1994), Asymmetric Conflicts: War Initiation by Weaker Powers, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-05-2146-621-9{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
First & Further reflections on the second Kashmir War (South Asia series) – 2 books by Louis Dupree.
Gupta, Hari Ram (1967). India-Pakistan war, 1965. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). Hariyana Prakashan. ASIN B0006FFBK8.
Mohan, Jagan; Chopra, Samir (2005) [2005]. The India Pakistan Air War of 1965 (1 ed.). Manohar Publishers. ISBN 81-7304-641-7.
Berindranath, Dewan (1966). The war with Pakistan: A pictorial narration of the fifty days which rocked the sub-continent. Asia Press.
Ismail Siddiqui, Muhammad (1983). Die to live: A selection of short stories based on the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war (1 ed.). Wajidalis. ASIN B0006EL2OI.
Ayub, Muhammad (2005). An army, its role and rule: a history of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil, 1967–1999. RoseDog Books. ISBN 0-8059-9594-3.
Haqqani, Hussain (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. United Book Press. ISBN 0-87003-214-3. ISBN 0-87003-223-2.
Singh, Lt. Gen. Harbaksh (1991). War despatches: Indo-Pak Conflict, 1965. Lancer InterConsult, Inc. ISBN 81-7062-117-8.
Praval, Maj K C (2009). Indian Army after Independence. Lancer InterConsult, Inc. ISBN 1-935501-10-0.
Asghar Khan, Mohammed (1979). The first round: Indo-Pakistan War, 1965. Islamic Information Services. ISBN 0-906041-11-2.
Faruquii, Ahmad (2003). Rethinking the national security of Pakistan: the price of strategic myopia. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-1497-2.
Singh, Bhupinder (1982). 1965 war, role of tanks in India-Pakistan war. B.C. Publishers. ASIN B0000CQ9GQ.
Brines, Russell (1968). The Indo-Pakistan Conflict. Pall Mall P. ISBN 0-269-16232-1.
Fricker, John (1979). Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0929-5.

David R. Higgins (20 January 2016), M48 Patton vs Centurion: Indo-Pakistan War 1965, Osprey Publishing, p. 103, ISBN 978-14-7281-094-6{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Rachna Bisht (15 August 2015), 1965: Stories from the Second Indo-Pakistan War, Penguin UK, p. 60, ISBN 978-93-5214-129-6{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
McGarr, Paul (2013). The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-11-3902-207-1.

സ്രോതസ്സുകളും പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികളും

IAF Combat Kills – 1965 war Archived 2010-11-27 at the Wayback Machine.,(Center for Indian Military History)
Mohammed Muhammad Musa (1983). My Version: India-Pakistan War 1965. Wajidalis.
United States Library of Congress Country Studies – India
Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the 1965 War with Pakistan
Story of Pakistan Archived 2005-05-26 at the Wayback Machine.
GlobalSecurity.org Indo-Pakistan War 1965
Pakistan Columnist AH Amin analyses the war. Archived 2005-04-06 at the Wayback Machine.
Grand Slam – A Battle of lost Opportunities, Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin – very detailed roll of events and analysis
A Critical Look at the 1965 Operations, Air Chief Marshal (retd) PC Lal Archived 2007-04-26 at the Wayback Machine. – dispassionate analysis
The India-Pakistan War, 1965: 40 Years On – From Rediff.com
Lessons of the 1965 War from Daily Times (Pakistan)
Spirit of '65 & the parallels with today – Ayaz Amir

[Global_Security_indo-pak_1965-1] 1.0 ^1.1 "Indo-Pakistani War of 1965". Global Security.

[Chapter_1_official_history-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Rakshak, Bharat. "Page 15" (PDF). Official History. Times of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-29. Retrieved 14 July 2011.

[FOOTNOTET._V._Paul1994107-3] 3.0 ^3.1 T. V. Paul 1994, p. 107.

[War_Despatches-4] 4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 ^4.14 ^4.15 ^4.16 ^4.17 SIngh, Lt.Gen Harbaksh (1991). War Despatches. New Delhi: Lancer International. p. 7. ISBN 81-7062-117-8.

[Encyclopedia_of_the_developing_world-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 Thomas M. Leonard (2006). Encyclopedia of the developing world. Taylor & Francis. pp. 806–. ISBN 978-0-415-97663-3. Retrieved 14 April 2011.

[Indo-Pakistan_Wars-6] "Indo-Pakistan Wars". Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2016-07-31.

[7] Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-57607-995-9.

[af45-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Praagh, David. The greater game: India's race with destiny and China. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2003. ISBN 0-7735-2639-0.

[af46-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Johnson, Robert (2005). A region in turmoil: South Asian conflicts since 1947. Reaktion Books, 2005. ISBN 1-86189-257-8.

[Van_Creveld,_2012,_pp._286-287-10] Van Creveld, 2012, pp. 286–287.

[Official_History_of_IAF_in_65_War-11] "Official History of IAF in 65 War". Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

[bharat-rakshak.com-12] Bharat-Rakshak.com http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Loss1965.html Archived 2015-05-07 at the Wayback Machine.

[Nordeen's_Indo-Pak_1965_Conflict-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 ^13.5 ^13.6 ^13.7 O' Nordeen, Lon (1985). Air Warfare in the Missile Age. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 84–87. ISBN 978-0-87474-680-8.

[1965p6-14] 14.0 ^14.1 1965 War: A Different Legacy: ALL THINGS PAKISTAN. Pakistaniat.com (1965-09-06). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.

[15] 1965 War Archived 2016-01-07 at the Wayback Machine.. Pakistan army (2009-09-01). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.

[S_Tucker-16] Tucker, Spencer (2004). Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. p. 172.

[tribune_IAF's_ground_reality-17] The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.

[bharatrakshak-18] "Ceasefire & After". Bharat-rakshak.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

[FOOTNOTEDavid_R._Higgins2016-19] David R. Higgins 2016.

[FOOTNOTERachna_Bisht2015-20] Rachna Bisht 2015.

[Lyon2008-21] Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2. Retrieved 30 October 2011.

[Alam2012_page_41-22] Dr Shah Alam (11 April 2012). Pakistan Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 41. ISBN 978-93-81411-79-7.

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