മായൻ ഭാഷകൾ

പ്രധാനമായും മായൻ വംശജരുടെ സംസാര ഭാഷയാണ് മായൻ ഭാഷകൾ. മെസോഅമേരിക്കയിലും വടക്കേ മധ്യ അമേരിക്കയിലുമാണ് ഇതു സംസാരിക്കുന്നത്. 6 മില്യണോളം മായൻ ജനങ്ങൾ ഈ ഭാഷകൾ സംസാരിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. ഗ്വാട്ടിമാല, മെക്സിക്കോ, ബെലീസി, ഹോണ്ടൂരാസ് എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിലാണ് ഈ ഭാഷകൾക്ക് പ്രധമ പരിഗണന ഉള്ളത്. ഈ ഭാഷയിൽ മറ്റ് ഉപവിഭാഗങ്ങളും നിലവിലുണ്ട്. 21 ഓളം വിഭാഗങ്ങൾ ഗ്വാട്ടിമാലയിലുണ്ട്. എട്ടിലധികം വിഭാഗങ്ങൾ മെക്സിക്കോയിലും കണ്ടെത്തിയിട്ടുണ്ട്. മായൻ ഭാഷകൾ അമേരിക്കയിൽ നല്ല രീതിയിൽ ഡോക്യുമെന്റ് ചെയ്യപ്പെടുകയും പഠിക്കുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നുണ്ട്. 5000 വർഷങ്ങൾക്കു മുൻപേ ഈ വർഗ്ഗത്തിലെ ഭാഷകൾ സംസാരിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരുന്നു.

Mayan
ഭൗമശാസ്ത്രപരമായ സാന്നിധ്യം	Mesoamerica: Southern Mexico; Guatemala; Belize; western Honduras and El Salvador; small refugee and emigrant populations, especially in the United States and Canada
ഭാഷാ കുടുംബങ്ങൾ	One of the world's primary language families
പ്രോട്ടോ-ഭാഷ	Proto-Mayan
വകഭേദങ്ങൾ	Huastecan Yucatecan Ch'olan-Tzeltalan Q'anjobalan Mamean Quichean
ISO 639-2 / 5	myn
Glottolog	maya1287
Location of Mayan speaking populations. See below for a detailed map of the different languages.

കുറിപ്പുകൾ

അവലംബങ്ങൾ

Arzápalo Marín, R. (2005). "La representación escritural del maya de Yucatán desde la época prehispánica hasta la colonia: Proyecciones hacia el siglo XXI". In Zwartjes; Altman (eds.). Missionary Linguistics II: Orthography and Phonology. Walter Benjamins. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Avelino, H.; Shin, E. (2011). "Chapter I The Phonetics of Laryngalization in Yucatec Maya". In Avelino, Heriberto; Coon, Jessica; Norcliffe, Elisabeth (eds.). New perspectives in Mayan linguistics. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Barrera Vásquez, Alfredo; Bastarrachea Manzano, Juan Ramón; Brito Sansores, William (1980). Diccionario maya Cordemex : maya-español, español-maya. Mérida, Yucatán, México: Ediciones Cordemex. OCLC 7550928. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) (in Spanish and Yucatec Maya)

Bennett, Ryan; Coon, Jessica; Henderson, Robert (2015). "Introduction to Mayan Linguistics" (PDF). Language and Linguistics Compass. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Bolles, David (2003) [1997]. "Combined Dictionary–Concordance of the Yucatecan Mayan Language" (Revized ed.). Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI). Retrieved 2006-12-12. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) (in Yucatec Maya and English)

Bolles, David; Bolles, Alejandra (2004). "A Grammar of the Yucatecan Mayan Language" (revised online edition, 1996 Lee, New Hampshire). Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI). The Foundation Research Department. Retrieved 2006-12-12. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) (in Yucatec Maya and English)

Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, no. 4. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Campbell, Lyle; Canger, Una (1978). "Chicomuceltec's last throes". International Journal of American Linguistics. 44 (3): 228–230. doi:10.1086/465548. ISSN 0020-7071. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence (1976). "A Linguistic Look at the Olmec". American Antiquity. 41 (1): 80–89. doi:10.2307/279044. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 279044. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence (October 1985). "Mayan Linguistics: Where are We Now?". Annual Review of Anthropology. 14 (1): 187–198. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.14.100185.001155. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence; Smith-Stark, Thomas C. (1986). "Meso-America as a linguistic area". Language. 62 (3): 530–570. doi:10.1353/lan.1986.0105. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Campbell, Lyle (2015). "History and reconstruction of the Mayan languages". In Aissen, Judith; England, Nora C.; Maldonado, Roberto Zavala (eds.). The Mayan Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 43–61. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Choi, Jinsook (2002). The Role of Language in Ideological Construction of Mayan Identities in Guatemala (PDF). Texas Linguistic Forum 45: Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Symposium about Language and Society—Austin, April 12–14. pp. 22–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-19. {{cite conference}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Coe, Michael D. (1987). The Maya (4th revised ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27455-X. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Coe, Michael D. (1992). Breaking the Maya Code. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05061-9. OCLC 26605966. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Coon, Jessica (2010). "Complementation in Chol (Mayan): A Theory of Split Ergativity" (electronic version). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2010-07-15. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Coon, J.; Preminger, O. (2009). "Positional roots and case absorption". In Heriberto Avelino (ed.). New Perspectives in Mayan Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–58. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Craig, Colette Grinevald (1977). The Structure of Jacaltec. University of Texas Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Curl, John (2005). Ancient American Poets. Tempe, AZ: Bilingual Press. ISBN 1-931010-21-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Dienhart, John M. (1997). "The Mayan Languages- A Comparative Vocabulary". Odense University. Archived from the original (electronic version) on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-12-12. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Edmonson, Munro S. (1968). "Classical Quiché". In Norman A. McQuown (Volume ed.) (ed.). Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics. R. Wauchope (General Editor). Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 249–268. ISBN 0-292-73665-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Edmonson, Munro S. (1985). "Quiche Literature". In Victoria Reifler Bricker (volume ed.) (ed.). Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 3. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77593-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Edmonson, Munro S.; Bricker, Victoria R. (1985). "Yucatecan Mayan Literature". In Victoria Reifler Bricker (volume ed.) (ed.). Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 3. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77593-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

England, Nora C. (1994). Autonomia de los Idiomas Mayas: Historia e identidad. (Ukutaʼmiil Ramaqʼiil Utzijobʼaal ri Mayaʼ Amaaqʼ.) (in സ്‌പാനിഷ്) (2nd ed.). Guatemala City: Cholsamaj. ISBN 84-89451-05-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

England, Nora C. (2007). "The influence of Mayan-speaking linguists on the state of Mayan linguistics". Linguistische Berichte, Sonderheft. 14: 93–112. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

England, Nora C. (2001). Introducción a la gramática de los idiomas mayas (in സ്‌പാനിഷ്). Cholsamaj Fundacion. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

England, N. C. (1991). "Changes in basic word order in Mayan languages". International Journal of American Linguistics. 57 (4): 446–486. doi:10.1086/ijal.57.4.3519735. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Fabri, Antonella (2003). "Genocide or Assimilation: Discourses of Women's Bodies, Health, and Nation in Guatemala". In Richard Harvey Brown (ed.). The Politics of Selfhood: Bodies and Identities in Global Capitalism. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3754-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Fernández de Miranda, María Teresa (1968). "Inventory of Classificatory Materials". In Norman A. McQuown (Volume ed.) (ed.). Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics. R. Wauchope (General Editor). Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 63–78. ISBN 0-292-73665-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

French, Brigittine M. (2003). "The politics of Mayan linguistics in Guatemala: native speakers, expert analysts, and the nation". Pragmatics. 13 (4): 483–498. doi:10.1075/prag.13.4.02fre. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Gossen, Gary (1985). "Tzotzil Literature". In Victoria Reifler Bricker (ed.). Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 3. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77593-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Grenoble, Lenore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (1998). "Preface" (PDF). In Lenore A. Grenoble; Lindsay J. Whaley (eds.). Endangered languages: Current issues and future prospects. Cambridge University Press. pp. xi–xii. ISBN 0-521-59102-3. {{cite book}}: |chapter-format= requires |chapter-url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)

Houston, Stephen D.; Robertson, John; Stuart, David (2000). "The Language of Classic Maya Inscriptions". Current Anthropology. 41 (3): 321–356. doi:10.1086/300142. ISSN 0011-3204. PMID 10768879. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Hruby, Z. X.; Child, M. B. (2004). "Chontal linguistic influence in Ancient Maya writing". In S. Wichmann (ed.). The linguistics of Maya writin. pp. 13–26. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Kaufman, Terrence (1976). "Archaeological and Linguistic Correlations in Mayaland and Associated Areas of Meso-America". World Archaeology. 8 (1): 101–118. doi:10.1080/00438243.1976.9979655. ISSN 0043-8243. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Kaufman, Terrence; with Justeson, John (2003). "A Preliminary Mayan Etymological Dictionary" (PDF). FAMSI. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Kettunen, Harri; Helmke, Christophe (2020). Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs (PDF). Wayeb. Retrieved 2020-03-19. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Law, D. (2013). "Mayan historical linguistics in a new age". Language and Linguistics Compass. 7 (3): 141–156. doi:10.1111/lnc3.12012. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Lenkersdorf, Carlos (1996). Los hombres verdaderos. Voces y testimonios tojolabales. Lengua y sociedad, naturaleza y cultura, artes y comunidad cósmica (in സ്‌പാനിഷ്). Mexico City: Siglo XXI. ISBN 968-23-1998-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Longacre, Robert (1968). "Systemic Comparison and Reconstruction". In Norman A. McQuown (Volume ed.) (ed.). Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics. R. Wauchope (General Editor). Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 117–159. ISBN 0-292-73665-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Maxwell, Judith M. (2015). "Change in Literacy and Literature in Highland Guatemala, Precontact to Present". Ethnohistory. 62 (3): 553–572. doi:10.1215/00141801-2890234. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Maxwell, Judith M. (2011). "The path back to literacy". In Smith, T. J.; Adams, A. E. (eds.). After the Coup: An Ethnographic Reframing of Guatemala 1954. University of Illinois Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Mora-Marín, David (2009). "A Test and Falsification of the 'Classic Chʼoltiʼan' Hypothesis: A Study of Three Proto Chʼolan Markers". International Journal of American Linguistics. 75 (2): 115–157. doi:10.1086/596592. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Mora-Marín, David (2016). "Testing the Proto-Mayan-Mije-Sokean Hypothesis". International Journal of American Linguistics. 82 (2): 125–180. doi:10.1086/685900. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

McQuown, Norman A. (1968). "Classical Yucatec (Maya)". In Norman A. McQuown (Volume ed.) (ed.). Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Linguistics. R. Wauchope (General Editor). Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 201–248. ISBN 0-292-73665-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Oxlajuuj Keej Mayaʼ Ajtzʼiibʼ (OKMA) (1993). Mayaʼ chiiʼ. Los idiomas Mayas de Guatemala. Guatemala City: Cholsamaj. ISBN 84-89451-52-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Popkin, E (2005). "The emergence of pan-Mayan ethnicity in the Guatemalan transnational community linking Santa Eulalia and Los Angeles". Current Sociology. 53 (4): 675–706. doi:10.1177/0011392105052721. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Rao, S. (2015). Language Futures from Uprooted Pasts: Emergent Language Activism in the Mayan Diaspora of the United States (Thesis). UCLA, MA thesis. {{cite thesis}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Read, Kay Almere; González, Jason (2000). Handbook of Mesoamerican Mythology. Oxford: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-340-0. OCLC 43879188. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Robertson, John (1977). "Proposed revision in Mayan subgrouping". International Journal of American Linguistics. 43 (2): 105–120. doi:10.1086/465466. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Robertson, John (1992). The History of Tense/Aspect/Mood/Voice in the Mayan Verbal Complex. University of Texas Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Robertson, John; Houston, Stephen (2002). "El problema del Wasteko: Una perspectiva lingüística y arqueológica". In J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Escobedo; H. Mejía (eds.). XVI Simposio de InvestigacionesArqueológicas en Guatemala. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala. pp. 714–724. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Sapper, Karl (1912). Über einige Sprachen von Südchiapas. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Americanists (1910) (in ജർമ്മൻ). pp. 295–320. {{cite conference}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Schele, Linda; Freidel, David (1990). A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-07456-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Solá, J. O. (2011). "The origins and formation of the Latino community in Northeast Ohio, 1900 to 2009". Ohio History. 118 (1): 112–129. doi:10.1353/ohh.2011.0014. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Soustelle, Jacques (1984). The Olmecs: The Oldest Civilization in Mexico. New York: Doubleday and Co. ISBN 0-385-17249-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Spence, Jack; Dye, David R.; Worby, Paula; de Leon-Escribano, Carmen Rosa; Vickers, George; Lanchin, Mike (August 1998). "Promise and Reality: Implementation of the Guatemalan Peace Accords". Hemispheres Initiatives. Retrieved 2006-12-06. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Suárez, Jorge A. (1983). The Mesoamerican Indian Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22834-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Tozzer, Alfred M. (1977) [1921]. A Maya Grammar (unabridged republication ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-23465-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Wichmann, S. (2006). "Mayan historical linguistics and epigraphy: a new synthesis". Annual Review of Anthropology. 35: 279–294. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123257. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Wichmann, Søren; Brown, Cecil H. (2003). "Contact among some Mayan languages: Inferences from loanwords". Anthropological Linguistics: 57–93. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Wichmann, Søren, ed. (2004). The linguistics of Maya writing. Utah University Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

പുറംകണ്ണികൾ

• The Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages – Spanish/Mayan site, the primary authority on Mayan Languages (in Spanish)
• Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Program at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.
• Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Volumes 1–9. Published by the Peabody Museum Press and distributed by Harvard University Press
• Swadesh lists for Mayan languages (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
• Mayan languages and linguistics books from Cholsamaj
• Online bibliography of Mayan languages at the University of Texas
• Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan Mayan-Spanish dictionary (Spanish)