ഓപ്പറേഷൻ ബാർബറോസ

രണ്ടാം ലോക മഹായുദ്ധത്തിന്റെ സമയത്ത് സോവിയറ്റ് യൂണിയനെ ആക്രമിക്കാൻ ജർമ്മനി തയ്യാറാക്കിയ പദ്ധതിയുടെ രഹസ്യനാമമാണ് ഓപ്പറേഷൻ ബാർബറോസ. അച്ചുതണ്ട് ശക്തികളുടെ കീഴിലുള്ള നാലു ലക്ഷത്തോളം വരുന്ന സൈനികർ റഷ്യയുടെ സൈനിക അതിർത്തിയിലേക്ക് ആക്രമണം നടത്തി.

Operation Barbarossa
the Eastern Front of World War II ഭാഗം
Clockwise from top left: German soldiers advance through Northern Russia, German flamethrower team in the Soviet Union, Soviet planes flying over German positions near Moscow, Soviet prisoners of war on the way to German prison camps, Soviet soldiers fire at German positions.
തിയതി 22 June – 5 December 1941 (5 മാസം, 1 ആഴ്ച and 6 ദിവസം) സ്ഥലം Central, Northeast, and Eastern Europe ഫലം See Aftermath
യുദ്ധത്തിൽ ഏർപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നവർ
ജർമനി റൊമാനിയ Finland Italy Hungary Slovakia എൻ.ഡി.എച്ച്.	Soviet Union
പടനായകരും മറ്റു നേതാക്കളും
Adolf Hitler Walther von Brauchitsch Franz Halder Fedor von Bock Gerd von Rundstedt Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Ion Antonescu Gustaf Mannerheim	Joseph Stalin Georgy Zhukov Aleksandr Vasilyevskiy Semyon Budyonny Kliment Voroshilov Semyon Timoshenko Markian Popov Fyodor Kuznetsov Dmitry Pavlov  Ivan Tyulenev Mikhail Kirponos †
Units involved
Axis armies Army Group North 16th Army 18th Army 4th Panzer Army Army Group Center 4th Army 9th Army 2nd Panzer Army 3rd Panzer Army 2nd Army Army Group South 6th Army 11th Army 17th Army 1st Panzer Army Romanian 3rd Army Romanian 4th Army Army Norway Finnish Army	Soviet armies Northern Front 7th Army 8th Army 48th Army 52nd Army 54th Army 55th Army Northwestern Front 11th Army 27th Army 34th Army Western Front 3rd Army 10th Army 13th Army 16th Army 19th Army 20th Army 22nd Army 24th Army 28th Army 40th Army 50th Army Southwestern Front 5th Army 6th Army 12th Army 21st Army 26th Army 37th Army Southern Front 9th Army 18th Army Coastal Army
ശക്തി
Frontline strength (initial) 3.8 million personnel 3,350–3,795 tanks 3,030–3,072 other AFVs 2,770–5,369 aircraft 7,200–23,435 artillery pieces 17,081 mortars	Frontline strength (initial) 2.6–2.9 million personnel 11,000 tanks 7,133–9,100 military aircraft 14,000,000 reserves (former conscripts who finished their mandatory service)
നാശനഷ്ടങ്ങൾ
Total military casualties: 1,000,000+ Breakdown Casualties of 1941: According to German Army medical reports (including Army Norway): 186,452 killed 40,157 missing 655,179 wounded in action 8,000 evacuated sick 2,827 aircraft destroyed 2,735 tanks destroyed 104 assault guns destroyed Other involved country losses 114,000+ casualties (at least 39,000 dead or missing) 8,700 casualties 5,000+ casualties	Total military casualties: 4,973,820 Breakdown Casualties of 1941: Based on Soviet archives: 566,852 killed in action 235,339 died from non-combat causes 1,336,147 sick or wounded via combat and non-combat causes 2,335,482 missing in action or captured c. 500,000 Soviet reservists captured while still mobilizing 21,200 aircraft lost 20,500 tanks destroyed

See also

• Black Sea campaigns
  • Romanian Navy during World War II
• Operation Silver Fox
• Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II

അവലംബം

ഗ്രന്ഥസൂചി

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• Bar-Joseph, Uri; Levy, Jack S. (Fall 2009). "Conscious Action and Intelligence Failure". Political Science Quarterly. 124 (3): 461–488. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00656.x. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Baudot, Marcel; Bernard, Henri; Foot, Michael R.D.; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (1989). The Historical Encyclopedia of World War II. New York and Oxford: Facts on File. ISBN 0-671-24277-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Bergström, Christer (2007). Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941. Classic Publications. ISBN 978-1-85780-270-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Forczyk, Robert (2006). Moscow 1941: Hitler’s first defeat. Osprey. ISBN 978-1846030178. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Forczyk, Robert (2014). Tank Warfare on the Eastern Front 1941–1942. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1781590089. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Förster, Jürgen (Winter 1988). "Barbarossa Revisited: Strategy and Ideology in the East" (PDF). Jewish Social Studies. 50 (1/2): 21–36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 മാർച്ച് 2016. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Förster, Jürgen (1998). "Operation Barbarossa as a War of Conquest and Annihilation". In Boog, Horst; Förster, Jürgen; Hoffmann, Joachim; Klink, Ernst; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Ueberschär, Gerd R. (eds.). Germany and the Second World War. Vol. IV [Attack on the Soviet Union]. Translated by Dean S. McMurry, Ewald Osers, Louise Willmot. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822886-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Förster, Jürgen (2005). "The German Military's Image of Russia". Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Glantz, David (2010a). Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk, Volume 1. Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1906033729. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Glantz, David (2012). Operation Barbarossa: Hitler's invasion of Russia 1941. The History Press. ISBN 978-0752460703. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Gorodetsky, Gabriel (2001). Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300084597. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Guderian, Heinz (2002). Panzer Leader. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-30681-101-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Handrack, Hans-Dieter (1981). Das Reichskommissariat Ostland: Die Kulturpolitik Der Deutschen Verwaltung Zwischen Autonomie Und Gleichschaltung 1941–1944 (in ജർമ്മൻ). Hann. Münden: Gauke. ISBN 978-3879980383. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Hardesty, Von (2012). Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700618286. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Hillgruber, Andreas (1972). "Die "Endlösung" und das deutsche Ostimperium als Kernstück des rassenideologischen Programms des Nationalsozialismus". Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (in German). 20 (2). Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH: 133–153. JSTOR 30197201. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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• Himmler, Heinrich (1940). "Reflections on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East". Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10. Vol. 13. District of Columbia: US Government Printing Office. pp. 147–150. ISBN 978-0-333-94944-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Hooker, Richard D., Jr. (Spring 1999). "'The World Will Hold Its Breath': Reinterpreting Operation Barbarossa". Parameters. United States Army War College: 150–64. Archived from the original on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2018-09-12. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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• Ingrao, Christian (2013). Believe and Destroy: Intellectuals in the SS War Machine. Malden, MA.: Polity. ISBN 978-0745660264. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Kirchubel, Robert (2003). Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group South. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1782004257. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• Price-Smith, Andrew T. (2015-05-29). Oil, Illiberalism, and War: An Analysis of Energy and US Foreign Policy. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02906-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rayfield, Donald (2004). Stalin and his Hangmen. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-100375-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rich, Norman (1973). Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion. W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0233964768. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Roberts, Andrew (2011). The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06122-860-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Roberts, Cynthia (1995). "Planning for War: The Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941". Europe-Asia Studies. 47 (8): 1293. doi:10.1080/09668139508412322. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11204-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Roberts, Geoffrey (2014). "Stalin's Wartime Vision of the Peace, 1939–1945". In Snyder, Timothy; Brandon, Ray (eds.). Stalin and Europe: Imitation and Domination, 1928–1953. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19994-558-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rössler, Mechtild; Schleiermacher, Sabine (1996). Der "Generalplan Ost." Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik (in ജർമ്മൻ). Akademie-Verlag. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Sakwa, Richard (2005). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union. Routledge Publishing. ISBN 978-1134806027. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Seaton, Albert (1972). The Russo-German War, 1941–45. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0891414919. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Seaton, Albert (1982). The German Army, 1933–1945. New York: Meridian. ISBN 0-452-00739-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Service, Robert (2005). A History of Modern Russia: From Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-67401-801-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Sharp, Jane (2010). Striving for Military Stability in Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134325818. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Shepherd, Ben H. (2016). Hitler's Soldiers: The German Army in the Third Reich. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30017-903-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Shirer, William (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-72868-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Smelser, Ronald; Davies, Edward J. (2008). The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture (Paperback ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521712316. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Smith, Howard (2000). Last Train from Berlin. Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1842122143. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-46503-147-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Stackelberg, Roderick (2002). Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies. London; New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-00541-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Stackelberg, Roderick (2007). The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41530-861-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Stahel, David (2009). Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76847-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Stockings, Craig; Hancock, Eleanor (2013). Swastika over the Acropolis: Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II. Brill. ISBN 9789004254572. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Stone, David (2011). Shattered Genius: The Decline and Fall of the German General Staff in World War II. Philadelphia: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-61200-098-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Symonds, Craig (2014). Neptune: The Allied Invasion of Europe and the D-Day Landings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199986118. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Taylor, Alan (1974). History of World War II. Octopus Books. ISBN 978-0706403992. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Thomas, Nigel (2012). The German Army 1939–45: Eastern Front 1941–43. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1782002192. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Ueberschär, Gerd R.; Müller, Rolf-Dieter (2008). Hitler's War in the East, 1941-1945: A Critical Assessment. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1845455010. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Ueberschär, Gerd R. (1998). "The Involvement of Scandinavia in the Plans for Barbarossa". In Boog, Horst; Förster, Jürgen; Hoffmann, Joachim; Klink, Ernst; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Ueberschär, Gerd R. (eds.). Germany and the Second World War. Vol. IV [Attack on the Soviet Union]. Translated by Dean S. McMurry, Ewald Osers, Louise Willmot. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822886-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Uldricks, Teddy (Autumn 1999). "The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?". Slavic Review. 58 (3): 626–643. doi:10.2307/2697571. JSTOR 2697571. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (1996). Historical Atlas of the Holocaust. New York: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-02897-451-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Waller, John (1996). The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War. Tauris & Company. ISBN 978-1-86064-092-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Ward, John (2004). Hitler's Stuka Squadrons: The Ju 87 at War, 1936–1945. MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-0760319918. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Weeks, Albert (2002). Stalin's Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939–1941. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-2191-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wegner, Bernd (1990). "Der Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1942/43". In Boog, Horst; Rahn, Werner; Stumpf, Reinhard; Wegner, Bernd (eds.). Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (in German). Vol. VI [Der globale Krieg: Die Ausweitung zum Weltkrieg und der Wechsel der Initiative 1941– 1943]. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 978-3-42106-233-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Weinberg, Gerhard (2005). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521618267. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Werth, Alexander (1964). Russia at War, 1941–1945. New York: E.P. Dutton. ASIN B0000CMAU7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wette, Wolfram (2007). The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674025776. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wright, Gordon (1968). The Ordeal of Total War, 1939–1945. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0061314080. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Ziemke, Earl F. (1959). The German Northern Theater of Operations, 1940–1945 (PDF). Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. ASIN B0007ETEOM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2018-09-12. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

ഓൺലൈൻ

• Aitken, Andy, Dave Flitton & James Wignall (directors), Dave Flitton (series producer); Dave Flitton, Andy Aitken & James Wignall (writers) (1996). The Battle for Russia (television documentary). Battlefield. PBS. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
• Browning, Christopher (2000). "Evidence for the Implementation of the Final Solution". Web Genocide Documentation Center – Resources on Genocide, War Crimes and Mass Killing. University of the West of England. Retrieved October 1, 2016. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Browning, Christopher R. (2007). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942. U of Nebraska Press. Generalplan Ost: The Search for a Final Solution through Expulsion. ISBN 0803203926 – via Google Books. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Davidson, Nick (producer) (2009). Hitler Strikes East (television documentary). World War II in HD Colour. NM Productions (for IMG Media). Archived from the original on 2020-03-08. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
• Graham Royde-Smith, John. "European History: Operation Barbarossa". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 May 2015.(subscription required)
• Grazhdan, Anna (director); Artem Drabkin & Aleksey Isaev (writers); Valeriy Babich, Vlad Ryashin, et. al (producers) (2011). Siege of Leningrad (television documentary). Soviet Storm: World War II in the East. Star Media. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
• Meltyukhov, Mikhail Ivanovich. "Оценка советским руководством событий Второй мировой войны в 1939–1941" (in റഷ്യൻ). Russian Military Library Moscow. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
• Middelton, Drew (1981). "Hitler's Russian Blunder". New York Times.
• "Modern History Sourcebook: The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939". University of Fordham. Archived from the original on 12 മാർച്ച് 2015. Retrieved 19 മാർച്ച് 2015.
• Rees, Laurence (2010). "What Was the Turning Point of World War II?". HISTORYNET. Retrieved 8 July 2017. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• "The Führer to the German People: 22 June 1941" [Der Führer an das deutsche Volk 22. Juni 1941]. Calvin College—German Propaganda Archive. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (20 June 2014). "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War". Retrieved 24 March 2015.

ബാഹ്യ ലിങ്കുകൾ

• Operation Barbarossa എന്ന വിഷയവുമായി ബന്ധമുള്ള കൂടുതൽ പ്രമാണങ്ങൾ (വിക്കിമീഡിയ കോമൺസിൽ)
• Great Patriotic War എന്ന വിഷയവുമായി ബന്ധമുള്ള കൂടുതൽ പ്രമാണങ്ങൾ (വിക്കിമീഡിയ കോമൺസിൽ)
• Works related to Führer Directive 21 at Wikisource
• Works related to Adolf Hitler's Letter to Benito Mussolini Explaining the Invasion of the Soviet Union at Wikisource
• Works related to The Führer to the German People: 22 June 1941 at Wikisource
• Works related to Adolf Hitler's Order of the Day to the German Troops on the Eastern Front (2 October 1941) at Wikisource
• Works related to Adolf Hitler Explains His Reasons for Invading the Soviet Union at Wikisource
• Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa on the Yad Vashem website
• Operation Barbarossa original reports and pictures from The Times
• "Operation Barbarossa": വിഡിയോ യൂട്യൂബിൽ, lecture by David Stahel, author of Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East (2009); via the official channel of Muskegon Community College