റോക്കറ്റ്

ഒരു മിസൈലോ, ബഹിരാകാശവാഹനമോ, വിമാനമോ അല്ലെങ്കിൽ മറ്റു വാഹനങ്ങളോ അതിന്റെ സഞ്ചാരത്തിനാവശ്യമായ ശക്തി ഒരു റോക്കറ്റ് എഞ്ചിനിൽ നിന്നും സ്വീകരിച്ചാണ് സഞ്ചരിക്കുന്നതെങ്കിൽ അതിനെ ഒരു റോക്കറ്റ് എന്നു വിളിക്കും rocket (from Italian rocchetto "bobbin")^{[nb 1]}^[1] റോക്കറ്റ് എഞ്ചിന്റെ നീക്കങ്ങൾക്കുള്ള ശക്തിമുഴുവൻ വിക്ഷേപണത്തിനുമുൻപുതന്നെ സംഭരിച്ചിട്ടുള്ള പ്രൊപ്പല്ലന്റിൽ നിന്നുമായിരിക്കും.^[2] റോക്കറ്റ് എൻജിനുകളുടെ പ്രവർത്തനവും പ്രതിപ്രവർത്തനവും പുഷ് റോക്കറ്റുകൾ ഉപയോഗിച്ച് ഉയർന്ന വേഗതയിൽ എതിർ ദിശയിൽ അവയുടെ മുഴുവൻ ശക്തിയും വിനിയോഗിച്ചുകൊണ്ട് ശൂന്യാകാശത്തിൽ പ്രവർത്തിക്കാൻ കഴിയുന്നു.

ചരിത്രം

Drawing of a Chinese soldier lighting a rocket's fuse (1890)
Depiction of a rocket (1405)

William Congreve at the bombardment of Copenhagen (1807)

Goddard with a liquid oxygen-gasoline rocket (1926)

ഇനങ്ങൾ

രൂപകൽപ്പന

ഭാഗങ്ങൾ

എഞ്ചിനുകൾ

Viking 5C rocket engine

ഇന്ധനം

Gas Core light bulb

ഉപയോഗങ്ങൾ

സൈനികം

A Trident II missile launched from sea.

ശാസ്ത്രത്തിലും ഗവേഷണത്തിലും

A Bumper sounding rocket

ഇതും കാണുക: Space probe

ബഹിരാകാശയാത്രയ്ക്ക്

തിരികെയെടുക്കൽ

Apollo LES pad abort test with boilerplate crew module.

വിനോദാവശ്യത്തിന്

ശബ്ദം

Workers and media witness the Water Sound Suppression System test at Launch Pad 39A.

ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രം

പ്രവർത്തനം

A balloon with a tapering nozzle. In this case, the nozzle itself does not push the balloon but is pulled by it. A convergent/divergent nozzle would be better.

Rocket thrust is caused by pressures acting on both the combustion chamber and nozzle

Forces on a rocket in flight

Drag

Net thrust

A rocket jet shape varies based on external air pressure. From top to bottom: Underexpanded
Ideally Expanded
Overexpanded
Grossly overexpanded

Total impulse

Specific impulse

I_sp in vacuum of various rockets
Rocket	Propellants	I_sp, vacuum (s)
Space shuttle liquid engines	LOX/LH₂	453^[3]
Space shuttle solid motors	APCP	268^[3]
Space shuttle OMS	NTO/MMH	313^[3]
Saturn V stage 1	LOX/RP-1	304^[3]

Delta-v (rocket equation)

A map of approximate Delta-v's around the solar system between Earth and Mars^[4]^[5]

Mass ratios

The Tsiolkovsky rocket equation gives a relationship between the mass ratio and the final velocity in multiples of the exhaust speed

Vehicle	Takeoff Mass	Final Mass	Mass ratio	Mass fraction
Ariane 5 (vehicle + payload)	746,000 kg ^[6] (~1,645,000 lb)	2,700 kg + 16,000 kg^[6] (~6,000 lb + ~35,300 lb)	39.9	0.975
Titan 23G first stage	117,020 kg (258,000 lb)	4,760 kg (10,500 lb)	24.6	0.959
Saturn V	3,038,500 kg^[7] (~6,700,000 lb)	13,300 kg + 118,000 kg^[7] (~29,320 lb + ~260,150 lb)	23.1	0.957
Space Shuttle (vehicle + payload)	2,040,000 kg (~4,500,000 lb)	104,000 kg + 28,800 kg (~230,000 lb + ~63,500 lb)	15.4	0.935
Saturn 1B (stage only)	448,648 kg^[8] (989,100 lb)	41,594 kg^[8] (91,700 lb)	10.7	0.907
Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer	10,024.39 kg (22,100 lb)	1,678.3 kg (3,700 lb)	6.0	0.83
V-2	13,000 kg (~28,660 lb) (12.8 ton)		3.85	0.74 ^[9]
X-15	15,420 kg (34,000 lb)	6,620 kg (14,600 lb)	2.3	0.57^[10]
Concorde	~181,000 kg (400,000 lb ^[10])		2	0.5^[10]
Boeing 747	~363,000 kg (800,000 lb^[10])		2	0.5^[10]

Staging

Spacecraft staging involves dropping off unnecessary parts of the rocket to reduce mass.

Apollo 6 while dropping the interstage ring

Acceleration and thrust-to-weight ratio

Energy

Energy efficiency

Space Shuttle Atlantis during launch phase

Oberth effect

ഇവയും കാണുക

Lists

General Rocketry

Astrodynamics—the study of spaceflight trajectories
Gantry
Pendulum rocket fallacy—an instability of rockets
Rocket garden—a place for viewing unlaunched rockets
Rocket launch
Rocket launch site
Variable-mass system—the form of Newton's second law used for describing rocket motion

Propulsion and Propellant

Ammonium Perchlorate Composite Propellant—Most common solid rocket propellant
Bipropellant rocket—two-part liquid or gaseous fuelled rocket
Hot Water rocket—powered by boiling water
Pulsed Rocket Motors—solid rocket that burns in segments
Spacecraft propulsion—describes many different propulsion systems for spacecraft
Tripropellant rocket—variable propellant mixes can improve performance

Recreational Rockets

Recreational Pyrotechnic Rocketry

Bottle rocket—small firework type rocket often launched from bottles
Skyrocket—fireworks that typically explode at apogee

Weaponry

Air-to-ground rockets
Fire Arrow—one of the earliest types of rocket
Katyusha rocket launcher—rack mounted rocket
Rocket-propelled grenade—military use of rockets
Shin Ki Chon—Korean variation of the Chinese fire arrow
VA-111 Shkval—Russian rocket-propelled supercavitation torpedo

Rockets for Research

Rocket plane—winged aircraft powered by rockets
Rocket sled—used for high speeds along ground
Sounding rocket—suborbital rocket used for atmospheric and other research

Misc

Aircraft
Equivalence principle—Einstein was able to show that the effects of gravity were completely equivalent to a rocket's acceleration in any small region of space
Rocket Festival—Tradition bamboo rockets of Laos and Northeastern Thailand
Rocket mail—the delivery of mail by rocket or missile.

കുറിപ്പുകൾ

↑ English rocket, first attested in 1566 (OED), adopted from the Italian term, given due to the similarity in shape to the bobbin or spool used to hold the thread to be fed to a spinning wheel. The modern Italian term is razzo.

↑ Bernhard, Jim (1 January 2007). Porcupine, Picayune, & Post: How Newspapers Get Their Names. University of Missouri Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780826266019. Archived from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
↑ Sutton, George P.; Biblarz, Oscar (2001). Rocket Propulsion Elements. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471326427. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Braeunig, Robert A. (2008). "Rocket Propellants". Rocket & Space Technology.
↑ "table of cislunar/mars delta-vs". Archived from the original on 2007-07-01.
↑ "cislunar delta-vs". Strout.net. Archived from the original on 2000-03-12. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Astronautix- Ariane 5g
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Astronautix - Saturn V
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Astronautix- Saturn IB
↑ Astronautix-V-2
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 AIAA2001-4619 RLVs

പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ

Governing agencies

Information sites

Encyclopedia Astronautica - Rocket and Missile Alphabetical Index
Rocket and Space Technology
Gunter's Space Page - Complete Rocket and Missile Lists
Rocketdyne Technical Articles
Relativity Calculator - Learn Tsiolkovsky's rocket equations
Robert Goddard--America's Space Pioneer Archived 2009-02-05 at the Wayback Machine.

[1] English rocket, first attested in 1566 (OED), adopted from the Italian term, given due to the similarity in shape to the bobbin or spool used to hold the thread to be fed to a spinning wheel. The modern Italian term is razzo.

[Bernhard-2] Bernhard, Jim (1 January 2007). Porcupine, Picayune, & Post: How Newspapers Get Their Names. University of Missouri Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780826266019. Archived from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016.

[RPE7-3] Sutton, George P.; Biblarz, Oscar (2001). Rocket Propulsion Elements. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471326427. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2016.

[spec_impulse-4] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Braeunig, Robert A. (2008). "Rocket Propellants". Rocket & Space Technology.

[5] "table of cislunar/mars delta-vs". Archived from the original on 2007-07-01.

[6] "cislunar delta-vs". Strout.net. Archived from the original on 2000-03-12. Retrieved 2012-12-10.

[ariane-7] 6.0 ^6.1 Astronautix- Ariane 5g

[saturnv-8] 7.0 ^7.1 Astronautix - Saturn V

[saturn-9] 8.0 ^8.1 Astronautix- Saturn IB

[10] Astronautix-V-2

[rlv-11] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 AIAA2001-4619 RLVs

[nb 1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]