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=== കൊച്ചിയിലെ ഒന്നാം യുദ്ധം (1503) ===
The city of [[Cochin]] (''Cochim'', Kochi) was a growing commercial town perched on the edge of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon. The ruling Hindu prince, Unni Goda Varda, the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Trimumpara Raja of Cochin]], was not secure in his own position. Formally, he was a minor prince, subsidiary to senior family members across the lagoon at [[Edapalli]] (''Repelim''), the official overlords of the lagoon. Indeed, it is quite probable Trimumpara was in the midst of a family quarrel and originally sought out the Portuguese alliance to strengthen his own position against his relatives.<ref>The status of the Trimumpara Raja remains a little unclear. According to Dames (1918: p. 86n), the formal ruler of Cochin was the king of [[Edapalli]], across the lagoon on the mainland, that the Cochinese peninsula (with capital at [[Perumpadappu (Malappuram district)|Perumpadappu]]) had at some point been detached as an appanage for a son, who, in turn, had detached the northern tip, [[Cochin]] city proper, for another son. These [[appanage]]s were not supposed to be permanent fiefs, but rather to serve as temporary 'training' grounds for princely heirs before they moved up in succession order. In other words, the ruler of Cochin was the second heir of Edapalli. Upon the death of the ruler of Edapalli, the first heir was supposed to leave the peninsula and take up his duties in Edapalli, and the second heir move from Cochin to Perumpadappu, and assign Cochin to his own successor (the new second heir). It seems the Portuguese arrived at a time when the princely heirs were somewhat at odds with each other (Cochin's rising prosperity possibly encouraged its prince's assertiveness). Nonetheless, it is only afterwards, under Portuguese protection, that the ruler of Cochin finally became a proper king (i.e. the Edapalli throne moved to Cochin).</ref>-->വേമ്പനാട് കായലിന്റെ അറ്റത്ത് സ്ഥിതി ചെയ്യുന്ന കൊച്ചി വളർന്നു വരുന്നൊരു വാണിജ്യ നഗരമായിരുന്നു അക്കാലത്ത്. കൊച്ചിയിലെ തൃമുമ്പാറ രാജകുമാരനായിരുന്ന ഉണ്ണിയ ഗോദ വാഡ അക്കാലത്ത് സ്വന്തം നിലപാടിൽ സുരക്ഷിതനായിരുന്നില്ല. കാരണം, മുതിർന്ന നിരവധിപേർ മേധാവികളായി ഇടപ്പള്ളിയിൽ ഉണ്ടായിരിക്കുമ്പോൾ തന്നെ ചെറുപ്രായക്കാരനായ ഒരു രാജകുമാരന്റെ മേൽവിലാസത്തിൽ അറിയപ്പെടാൻ മിക്കവർക്കും മടിയായിരുന്നു. വാസ്തവത്തിൽ, ഒരു കുടുംബ വൈരാഗ്യത്തിന്റെ മധ്യത്തിലായിരുന്നു തൃമുമ്പാറ സാമ്രാജ്യം. ബന്ധുക്കൾക്ക് എതിരായുള്ള തന്റെ നിലപാട് ശക്തിപ്പെടുത്താൻ രാജകുമാരൻ പോർച്ചുഗീസ് സഖ്യം വെച്ച് ശ്രമിച്ചുവന്നു.<ref>The status of the Trimumpara Raja remains a little unclear. According to Dames (1918: p. 86n), the formal ruler of Cochin was the king of [[Edapalli]], across the lagoon on the mainland, that the Cochinese peninsula (with capital at [[Perumpadappu (Malappuram district)|Perumpadappu]]) had at some point been detached as an appanage for a son, who, in turn, had detached the northern tip, [[Cochin]] city proper, for another son. These [[appanage]]s were not supposed to be permanent fiefs, but rather to serve as temporary 'training' grounds for princely heirs before they moved up in succession order. In other words, the ruler of Cochin was the second heir of Edapalli. Upon the death of the ruler of Edapalli, the first heir was supposed to leave the peninsula and take up his duties in Edapalli, and the second heir move from Cochin to Perumpadappu, and assign Cochin to his own successor (the new second heir). It seems the Portuguese arrived at a time when the princely heirs were somewhat at odds with each other (Cochin's rising prosperity possibly encouraged its prince's assertiveness). Nonetheless, it is only afterwards, under Portuguese protection, that the ruler of Cochin finally became a proper king (i.e. the Edapalli throne moved to Cochin).</ref> ▼<!--
▲The city of [[Cochin]] (''Cochim'', Kochi) was a growing commercial town perched on the edge of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon. The ruling Hindu prince, Unni Goda Varda, the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Trimumpara Raja of Cochin]], was not secure in his own position. Formally, he was a minor prince, subsidiary to senior family members across the lagoon at [[Edapalli]] (''Repelim''), the official overlords of the lagoon. Indeed, it is quite probable Trimumpara was in the midst of a family quarrel and originally sought out the Portuguese alliance to strengthen his own position against his relatives.<ref>The status of the Trimumpara Raja remains a little unclear. According to Dames (1918: p. 86n), the formal ruler of Cochin was the king of [[Edapalli]], across the lagoon on the mainland, that the Cochinese peninsula (with capital at [[Perumpadappu (Malappuram district)|Perumpadappu]]) had at some point been detached as an appanage for a son, who, in turn, had detached the northern tip, [[Cochin]] city proper, for another son. These [[appanage]]s were not supposed to be permanent fiefs, but rather to serve as temporary 'training' grounds for princely heirs before they moved up in succession order. In other words, the ruler of Cochin was the second heir of Edapalli. Upon the death of the ruler of Edapalli, the first heir was supposed to leave the peninsula and take up his duties in Edapalli, and the second heir move from Cochin to Perumpadappu, and assign Cochin to his own successor (the new second heir). It seems the Portuguese arrived at a time when the princely heirs were somewhat at odds with each other (Cochin's rising prosperity possibly encouraged its prince's assertiveness). Nonetheless, it is only afterwards, under Portuguese protection, that the ruler of Cochin finally became a proper king (i.e. the Edapalli throne moved to Cochin).</ref>-->വേമ്പനാട് കായലിന്റെ അറ്റത്ത് സ്ഥിതി ചെയ്യുന്ന കൊച്ചി വളർന്നു വരുന്നൊരു വാണിജ്യ നഗരമായിരുന്നു അക്കാലത്ത്. കൊച്ചിയിലെ തൃമുമ്പാറ രാജകുമാരനായിരുന്ന ഉണ്ണിയ ഗോദ വാഡ അക്കാലത്ത് സ്വന്തം നിലപാടിൽ സുരക്ഷിതനായിരുന്നില്ല. കാരണം, മുതിർന്ന നിരവധിപേർ മേധാവികളായി ഇടപ്പള്ളിയിൽ ഉണ്ടായിരിക്കുമ്പോൾ തന്നെ ചെറുപ്രായക്കാരനായ ഒരു രാജകുമാരന്റെ മേൽവിലാസത്തിൽ അറിയപ്പെടാൻ മിക്കവർക്കും മടിയായിരുന്നു. വാസ്തവത്തിൽ, ഒരു കുടുംബ വൈരാഗ്യത്തിന്റെ മധ്യത്തിലായിരുന്നു തൃമുമ്പാറ സാമ്രാജ്യം. ബന്ധുക്കൾക്ക് എതിരായുള്ള തന്റെ നിലപാട് ശക്തിപ്പെടുത്താൻ രാജകുമാരൻ പോർച്ചുഗീസ് സഖ്യം വെച്ച് ശ്രമിച്ചുവന്നു.<ref>The status of the Trimumpara Raja remains a little unclear. According to Dames (1918: p. 86n), the formal ruler of Cochin was the king of [[Edapalli]], across the lagoon on the mainland, that the Cochinese peninsula (with capital at [[Perumpadappu (Malappuram district)|Perumpadappu]]) had at some point been detached as an appanage for a son, who, in turn, had detached the northern tip, [[Cochin]] city proper, for another son. These [[appanage]]s were not supposed to be permanent fiefs, but rather to serve as temporary 'training' grounds for princely heirs before they moved up in succession order. In other words, the ruler of Cochin was the second heir of Edapalli. Upon the death of the ruler of Edapalli, the first heir was supposed to leave the peninsula and take up his duties in Edapalli, and the second heir move from Cochin to Perumpadappu, and assign Cochin to his own successor (the new second heir). It seems the Portuguese arrived at a time when the princely heirs were somewhat at odds with each other (Cochin's rising prosperity possibly encouraged its prince's assertiveness). Nonetheless, it is only afterwards, under Portuguese protection, that the ruler of Cochin finally became a proper king (i.e. the Edapalli throne moved to Cochin).</ref>
<!--Sentiment among the Cochinese population was largely against the Portuguese. Cochin was not self-sufficient in food, and the people had suffered much from the general disruption of trade along the Malabar coast. Moreover, Cochin had a significant Muslim population – both expatriate [[Arab]]s and local [[Muslim Mappila|Mappila]]s – and the Portuguese had made no secret of their hostility towards them. Yet these were usually the very traders upon whom the city's subsistence depended. The Cochinese population did not, could not, see the point of the current state of affairs.-->എന്നാൽ പൊതുജനങ്ങളിൽ ഭൂരിപക്ഷം പേരും പോർട്ടുഗീസുകാർക്കെതിരായിരുന്നു. ഭക്ഷണകാര്യത്തിൽ പോലും കൊച്ചി അന്ന് സ്വയംപര്യാപ്തമായിരുന്നില്ല, മലബാർ ദേശത്തെ വ്യാപാരം തടസ്സപ്പെട്ടതുമൂലം ജനങ്ങൾക്ക് കഷ്ടപ്പാടുകൾ കൂടുതലായി അനുഭവപ്പെട്ടു. കൂടാതെ അന്ന് കൊച്ചിയിൽ പ്രവാസി അറബികളും പ്രാദേശിക മാപ്പിളകളും കൂടുതലായിട്ടുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. ഇവരോടൊന്നും തന്നെ പോർച്ചുഗീസുകാർ അവരുടെ എതിർപ്പിന്റെ രഹസ്യം വെളിപ്പെടുത്തിയില്ല. എന്നാൽ പ്രശ്നങ്ങളൊക്കെയും അനുഭവപ്പെട്ടത് നഗരത്തിൽ ഉപജീവനമാർഗ്ഗം ആശ്രയിച്ചിരുന്ന വ്യാപാരികളെയായിരുന്നു. കൊച്ചിയിലെ സാധാരണ ജനതയെ നാടിൽ വന്നുകൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്ന സ്ഥിതിവിശേഷങ്ങൾ ബാധിച്ചിട്ടേ ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നില്ല.
പോർച്ചുഗീസ് ഫാക്ടറി കാര്യസ്ഥൻ ഡയോഗോ ഫെർണാണ്ടസ് കോറിയയും അദ്ദേഹത്തിൻറെ സഹായികളായ ലോറൻസ്കോ മോറെനോയും അൽവാറോ വാസും അന്ന് തൃമുമ്പാറ ഭരണാധികാരിയോടൊപ്പം ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു, കൊട്ടാരത്തിൽ താമസിച്ച്, അവർ എപ്പോഴും നഗരത്തിന്റെ ചുറ്റുപാടുകളിൽ നടക്കുമ്പോൾ വിശ്വസ്തരായ ഗാർഡുകൾ അവരോടൊപ്പം യാത്രാസൗകര്യങ്ങളുണ്ടാക്കി കൂടെയുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. എന്നാൽ തുറമുഖങ്ങളിലൂടെയുടെ സാമൂതിരിയുടെ സ്വാധീനവും മറ്റും കൊച്ചിയിലെ കുരുമുളക് വിതരണം കൂടുതൽ വഷളാക്കിയിരുന്നു. കുടെ, കൊച്ചിയുടെ സുഗന്ധവ്യഞ്ജന വിപണികളെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള കണ്ടെത്തലുകളും പോർട്ടുഗീസ് ഘടകങ്ങളെ നിരാശരാക്കി. കൊല്ലം പോലുള്ള മറ്റ് പ്രധാന നഗരങ്ങളിലേക്കുള്ള പോർച്ചുഗീസുകാരുടെ വർദ്ധിച്ചുവരുന്ന താല്പര്യം തൃമുമ്പാറ രാജവിന് അറിയാമായിരുന്നു. പോർട്ടുഗീസുകാർ കൊച്ചി നിരോധിച്ചിരുന്നില്ലെങ്കിൽ തൃമുമ്പാറ രാജയ്ക്ക് ബുദ്ധിമുട്ടാൻനൊന്നും തന്നെ ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നില്ല.
The clearing of the vegetation on the opposite banks immediately paid off as, upon reaching Palurte, Pacheco easily noticed a number of Calicut cannons being rolled into position, aiming to sink the anchored caravels. Duarte Pacheco ordered concentrated fire from the ships on their position, scattering the Calicut artillery crews. He then landed a Portuguese-Cochinese assault force on the beach, who rushed up to finish off the lingering Calicut crews and dragged away or spiked the abandoned Calicut cannons.
The cannon threat nullified, the troops returned to the caravels to face the arriving Calicut fleet. The strait at Palurte was not as narrow as it had been at Kumbalam, allowing the admiral Elcanol of Edapalli to send in a substantial first wave, a broad front of 40 paraus, tied across, against the caravels. But the speed of Portuguese gunners decimated the advancing fleet. A second wave of nearly the same size was sent after it, but it was also repulsed.
By then, the tide had begun to fall, and the Calicut paraus began having trouble moving in the obstacle-ridden shallow waters of Palurte, so the Calicut admiral Ercanol ordered the fleet to retire. News quickly arrived that the Calicut infantry of Naubeadarim was getting ready to wade the passage at Palignar. Duarte Pacheco and his troops went back on their longboats.
The tide low enough, Naubeadarim's infantry column launched their assault to gain the ford. But they were unable to make much headway or reach the opposite back, held back by the rapid and heavy gunfire from the ''bateis'' and incessant missile fire from the Cochinese Nairs on the bank. After two heavy-fought but fruitless assaults, the tide began rising again, and Naubeadarim ordered the column to retire.
In this first encounter, Calicut is said to have lost some 1,000 men and a few ships. The disgusted Zamorin arrived on the scene with the rest of his army soon after, and upbraided both Naubeadarim and Elcanol for what he believed was cowardice in calling premature retreats.
The day's fight at Palignar and Palurte was probably the heaviest the Portuguese had yet faced. They had little time to prepare proper defenses and were lucky to get away with it. The Portuguese were exhausted and suffered many injured (but still no deaths, according to the chroniclers). Had the Zamorin renewed the assault the next day, his forces might very well have taken the ford. But as luck would have it, torrential downpours prevented resumption of operations, followed quickly by a devastating epidemic of [[cholera]] that swept through the Calicut camp. This gave the Portuguese and Cochin allies about a week to rest, recuperate and prepare.
=== Fifth assault ===
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