കൊക്കെയ്ൻ

കൊക്കെയ്ൻ
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	Methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate
Clinical data
Pronunciation	kəʊˈkeɪn
Trade names	Neurocaine, other
AHFS/Drugs.com	Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Pregnancy; category	US: C (Risk not ruled out) ; ;
Dependence; liability	Physical: none; Psychological: High;
Addiction; liability	High
Routes of; administration	Topical, oral, insufflation, intravenous
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S8 (Controlled) ; CA: Schedule I ; DE: Anlage III (Prescription only) ; NZ: Class A ; UK: Class A ; US: Schedule II ; UN: Narcotic Schedules I and III ;
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	By mouth: 33%; insufflated: 60–80%; Nasal spray: 25–43%;
Metabolism	liver CYP3A4
Metabolites	Norcocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene
Onset of action	seconds to minutes
Biological half-life	1 hour
Duration of action	5 to 90 minutes
Excretion	Kidney
Identifiers
CAS Number	50-36-2 ; 53-21-4
ATC code	N01BC01 (WHO) R02AD03, S01HA01, S02DA02
PubChem	CID 446220
IUPHAR/BPS	2286
DrugBank	DB00907
ChemSpider	10194104
UNII	I5Y540LHVR
KEGG	D00110
ChEBI	CHEBI:27958
ChEMBL	CHEMBL370805
Synonyms	Benzoylmethylecgonine, coke
PDB ligand ID	COC (PDBe, RCSB PDB)
Chemical data
Formula	C17H21NO4
Molar mass	303.353 g/mol
	SMILES CN1[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1[C@@H](C(OC)=O)[C@@H](OC(C3=CC=CC=C3)=O)C2; ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C17H21NO4/c1-18-12-8-9-13(18)15(17(20)21-2)14(10-12)22-16(19)11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,12-15H,8-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15+/m0/s1 ; Key:ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N ;
Physical data
Melting point	98 °C (208 °F)
Boiling point	187 °C (369 °F)
Solubility in water	~1.8 mg/mL (20 °C)
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കോക്ക് എന്നുകൂടി അറിയപ്പെടുന്ന കൊക്കെയ്ൻ അതിശക്തമായ ഒരു ഉത്തേജക മരുന്നും മനോരഞ്ജനത്തിനായി ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്ന മയക്കുമരുന്നുമാണ്.^[11] ഇത് സാധാരണയായി മൂക്കിലൂടെ വലിക്കുകയോ പുകവലിക്കുകയോ അല്ലെങ്കിൽ സിരകളിലേക്ക് നേരിട്ടു കുത്തിവയ്ക്കുകയോ ചെയ്യുന്നു.^[10] ഇത് ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നതിന്റെ പരിണത ഫലങ്ങളിൽ യാഥാർത്ഥ്യവുമായുള്ള സമ്പർക്കം നഷ്ടപ്പെടുക, ഉൽക്കടമായ സന്തോഷം, മനഃക്ഷോഭം എന്നിവ അനുഭവപ്പെടുക എന്നിവയും ഉൾപ്പെടുന്നു.^[12]

അവലംബം തിരുത്തുക

↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine).
↑ Ghodse, Hamid (2010). Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-139-48567-8. Archived from the original on 10 സെപ്റ്റംബർ 2017. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
↑ Introduction to Pharmacology Third Edition. Abingdon: CRC Press. 2007. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-1-4200-4742-4. Archived from the original on 10 സെപ്റ്റംബർ 2017.
↑ Nordegren, Thomas (2002). The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Universal-Publishers. p. 461. ISBN 9781581124040.
↑ "DEA / Drug Scheduling". www.dea.gov. Archived from the original on 9 ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 2017. Retrieved 7 ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 2017.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (July 2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 56 (4): 305–10. doi:10.1007/s002280000147. PMID 10954344.
↑ Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 3 (2–3): 353–66. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(81)90063-5. PMID 7242115.
↑ Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204.
↑ Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (March 1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 27 (3): 386–94. doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.52. PMID 7357795.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.
↑ Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, Serviddio G (2012). "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (33): 5647–57. doi:10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655.
↑ Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.

[1] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine).

[Gho2010-2] Ghodse, Hamid (2010). Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-139-48567-8. Archived from the original on 10 സെപ്റ്റംബർ 2017. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

[3] Introduction to Pharmacology Third Edition. Abingdon: CRC Press. 2007. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-1-4200-4742-4. Archived from the original on 10 സെപ്റ്റംബർ 2017.

[4] Nordegren, Thomas (2002). The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Universal-Publishers. p. 461. ISBN 9781581124040.

[DEA2017Sched-5] "DEA / Drug Scheduling". www.dea.gov. Archived from the original on 9 ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 2017. Retrieved 7 ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 2017.

[fattinger2000-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (July 2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 56 (4): 305–10. doi:10.1007/s002280000147. PMID 10954344.

[7] Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 3 (2–3): 353–66. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(81)90063-5. PMID 7242115.

[8] Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204.

[9] Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (March 1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 27 (3): 386–94. doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.52. PMID 7357795.

[Zimmerman2012-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.

[Pom2012-11] Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, Serviddio G (2012). "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (33): 5647–57. doi:10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655.

[Zimmerman20122-12] Zimmerman JL (October 2012). "Cocaine intoxication". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 517–26. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003. PMID 22998988.

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