കോഓർഡിനേഷൻ ജോമെട്രി

(Coordination geometry എന്ന താളിൽ നിന്നും തിരിച്ചുവിട്ടതു പ്രകാരം)

രസതന്ത്രത്തിലെയും അതുമായി ബന്ധമുള്ള പലതരം സോളിഡ് സ്റ്റേറ്റ് രസതന്ത്ര/ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രമേഖലകളിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്ന ഒരു പദമാണ് കോഓർഡിനേഷൻ ജോമെട്രി (coordination geometry).

തന്മാത്രകൾ തിരുത്തുക

ഒരു ആറ്റത്തിന്റെ കോഓർഡിനേഷൻ ജോമെട്രി എന്നുപറഞ്ഞാൽ അതിന്റെ മധ്യത്തിലുള്ള ഒരു ആറ്റത്തിനുചുറ്റുമായി ബാക്കിയുള്ള ആറ്റങ്ങൾ ഏതുവിധത്തിൽ ക്രമീകരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു എന്നതാണ്. T

അജൈവ കോഓർഡിനേഷൻ കോമ്പ്ലക്സുകൾ തിരുത്തുക

In the field of inorganic coordination complexes it is the geometrical pattern formed by the atoms in the ligands that are bonded to the central atom in a molecule or a coordination complex. The geometrical arrangement will vary according to the number and type of ligands bonded to the metal centre, and to the coordination preference of the central atom, typically a metal in a coordination complex. The number of atoms bonded, (i.e. the number of σ-bonds between central atom and ligands) is termed the coordination number. The geometrical pattern can be described as a polyhedron where the vertices of the polyhedron are the centres of the coordinating atoms in the ligands.[1]

The coordination preference of a metal often varies with its oxidation state. The number of coordination bonds (coordination number) can vary from two as high as 20 in Th(η5-C5H5)4.[2]

One of the most common coordination geometries is octahedral, where six ligands are coordinated to the metal in a symmetrical distribution, leading to the formation of an octahedron if lines were drawn between the ligands. Other common coordination geometries are tetrahedral and square planar.

Crystal field theory may be used to explain the relative stabilities of transition metal compounds of different coordination geometry, as well as the presence or absence of paramagnetism, whereas VSEPR may be used for complexes of main group element to predict geometry.

ക്രിസ്റ്റലോഗ്രാഫിയിലെ ഉപയോഗം തിരുത്തുക

In a crystal structure the coordination geometry of an atom is the geometrical pattern of coordinating atoms where the definition of coordinating atoms depends on the bonding model used.[1] For example, in the rock salt ionic structure each sodium atom has six near neighbour chloride ions in an octahedral geometry and each chloride has similarly six near neighbour sodium ions in an octahedral geometry. In metals with the body centred cubic (bcc) structure each atom has eight nearest neighbours in a cubic geometry. In metals with the face centred cubic (fcc) structure each atom has twelve nearest neighbours in a cuboctahedral geometry.

കോഓർഡിനേഷൻ ജോമെട്രികളുടെ പട്ടിക തിരുത്തുക

A table of the coordination geometries encountered is shown below with examples of their occurrence in complexes found as discrete units in compounds and coordination spheres around atoms in crystals (where there is no discrete complex).

കോഓർഡിനേഷൻ അക്കം ജോമെട്രി ഡിസ്‌ക്രീറ്റ് (ഫൈനൈറ്റ്) കോമ്പ്ലക്സുകളുടെ ഉദാഹരണങ്ങൾ ക്രിസ്റ്റലുകളിലെ ഉദാഹരണങ്ങൾ
2 linear   Ag(CN)2 in KAg(CN)2 [3] Ag in silver cyanide,
Au in AuI [2]
3 trigonal planar   HgI3[2] O in TiO2 rutile structure[3]
4 tetrahedral   CoCl42−[2] Zn and S in zinc sulfide, Si in silicon dioxide[3]
4 square planar   AgF4[2] CuO[3]
5 trigonal bipyramidal   SnCl5[3]
5 square pyramidal   InCl52− in (NEt4)2InCl5[2]
6 octahedral   Fe(H2O)62+[2] Na and Cl in NaCl[3]
6 trigonal prismatic   Mo(SCHCHS)3[3] As in NiAs, Mo in MoS2[3]
7 pentagonal bipyramidal   ZrF73− in (NH4)3ZrF7[3] Pa in PaCl5
7 face capped octahedral   [HoIII(PhCOCHCOPh)3(H2O)][4] La in A-La2O3
7 trigonal prismatic, square face monocapped   TaF72− in K2TaF7[3]
8 cubic Caesium chloride, calcium fluoride
8 square antiprismatic   TaF83− in Na3TaF8[3]
Zr(H2O)84+ aqua complex[5]
Thorium(IV) iodide[3]
8 dodecahedral
(note: whilst this is the term generally
used, the correct term is "bisdisphenoid"[3]
or "snub disphenoid" as this polyhedron is a deltahedron)
  Mo(CN)84− in K4[Mo(CN)8].2H2O[3] Zr in K2ZrF6[3]
8 hexagonal bipyramidal   N in Li3N[3]
8 octahedral, trans-bicapped Ni in nickel arsenide, NiAs; 6 As neighbours + 2 Ni capping[6]
8 trigonal prismatic, triangular face bicapped Ca in CaFe2O4[3]
8 trigonal prismatic, square face bicapped PuBr3[3]
9 tricapped trigonal prismatic, (three rectangular faces capped)   [ReH9]2− in potassium nonahydridorhenate[2]
Th(H2O)94+ aqua complex[5]
SrCl2.6H2O, Th in RbTh3F13[3]
9 monocapped square antiprismatic   [Th(tropolonate)4(H2O)][2] La in LaTe2[3]
10 bicapped square antiprismatic Th(C2O4)42− [2]
11 Th in [ThIV(NO3)4(H2O)3] (NO3 is bidentate) [2]
12 icosahedron   Th in Th(NO3)62− ion in Mg[Th(NO3)6].8H2O [3]
12 cuboctahedron   ZrIV3−(BH4)4) atoms in fcc metals e.g. Ca[3]
12 anticuboctahedron (triangular orthobicupola)   atoms in hcp metals e.g. Sc [3]
14 bicapped hexagonal antiprismatic U(BH4)4[2]

അജൈവ സംയുക്തങ്ങളിലെ നാമകരണം തിരുത്തുക

IUPAC have introduced the polyhedral symbol as part of their IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005 recommendations to describe the geometry around an atom in a compound.[7]
IUCr have proposed a symbol which is shown as a superscript in square brackets in the chemical formula. For example, CaF2 would be Ca[8cb]F2[4t], where [8cb] means cubic coordination and [4t] means tetrahedral. The equivalent symbols in IUPAC are CU−8 and T−4 respectively.[1]
The IUPAC symbol is applicable to complexes and molecules whereas the IUCr proposal applies to crystalline solids.

ഇവയും കാണുക തിരുത്തുക

അവലംബം തിരുത്തുക

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 J. Lima-de-Faria; E. Hellner; F. Liebau; E. Makovicky; E. Parthé (1990). "Report of the International Union of Crystallography Commission on Crystallographic Nomenclature Subcommittee on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Structure Types". Acta Crystallogr. A. 46: 1–11. doi:10.1107/S0108767389008834. Archived from the original on 2012-06-13. Retrieved 2018-05-01.
  2. 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |name-list-format= (help)
  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6
  4. Crystal and molecular structure of the heptacoordinate complex tris(diphenylpropanedionato)aquoholmium, Ho(PhCOCHCOPh)3.H2O, Zalkin A., Templeton D.H., Karraker D.G, Inorganic chemistry, 1969, 8, 12,2680 - 2684; doi:10.1021/ic50082a029
  5. 5.0 5.1 Persson, Ingmar (2010). "Hydrated metal ions in aqueous solution: How regular are their structures?". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 82 (10): 1901–1917. doi:10.1351/PAC-CON-09-10-22. ISSN 0033-4545.
  6. David G. Pettifor, Bonding and Structure of Molecules and Solids, 1995, Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-19-851786-6
  7. NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IUPAC Recommendations 2005 ed. N. G. Connelly et al. RSC Publishing http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/bioinorg/
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