വു സെറ്റിയാൻ
ടാങ്ങ് സാമ്രാജ്യ കാലത്തെ ഒരു കല്പിത ഭരണാധികാരിയായിരുന്നു വു സെറ്റിയാൻ അഥവാ വു സ്സാവോ. ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്: Wu Zetian (17 ഫെബ്രുവരി 624[note 8][note 9] – 16 ഡിസംബർ 705),[3][4] വു ഹോ എന്നും ടിയാൻ ഹോ എന്നും വിശേഷണങ്ങൾ ഉണ്ട്. ടാങ്ങ് ചക്രവർത്തിയായിരുന്ന ഗാവോസോങ്ങ് മൂലവും പിന്നീട് അദ്ദേഹത്തിനെ മക്കളിലൂടെയും 665 മുതൽ 690 വരെ വു സെറ്റിയാൻ ചക്രവർത്തിനിയായിരുന്നു. അതിനുശേഷം 690 മുതൽ 705 വരെ വു സ്സാവോ എന്ന തന്റേതായ ഭരണത്തിനു കീഴിൽ ചക്രവർത്തിനിയായിരുന്നു. ചൈനീസ് ചരിത്രത്തിലെ ഒരേയൊരു നിയമാനുസൃതമായ ചക്രവർത്തിനിയായിരുന്നു അവർ. അവരുടെ 40 വർഷത്തെ ഭരണത്തിനിടയിൽ ചൈന വലുതാകുകയും അഴിമതി കുറയുകയും ചെയ്തു. ചൈനയുടെ സാമ്പത്തിക രംഗം ഊർജ്ജ്വസ്വലമായിത്തീരുകയും ലോകം അതിനെ അംഗീകരിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു.
Wu Zetian 武則天 | |
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Image taken from An 18th century album of portraits of 86 emperors of China, with Chinese historical notes. Originally published/produced in China, 18th century. (British Library, shelfmark Or. 2231) | |
ഭരണകാലം | 17 October 690[1][note 1] – 21 February 705[2][note 2] |
കിരീടധാരണം | 17 October 690 |
മുൻഗാമി | Dynasty established (Emperor Ruizong as Emperor of the Tang dynasty) |
പിൻഗാമി | Dynasty abolished (Emperor Zhongzong as Emperor of the Tang dynasty) |
Tenure | 27 December 683 – 16 October 690 |
മുൻഗാമി | Empress He as Empress dowager of Northren Wei |
പിൻഗാമി | Empress Wei |
Tenure | 2 December 655 – 27 December 683 |
മുൻഗാമി | Empress Wang |
പിൻഗാമി | Empress Wei |
ജീവിതപങ്കാളി | |
മക്കൾ | |
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പേര് | |
Family name: Wu (武) Given name: first, no record. Later, Zhao (曌/瞾), possibly originally Zhao (照)[note 3] | |
Posthumous name | |
Short: Empress consort Zetian (則天皇后)[note 5] Full: Empress consort Zetian Shunsheng (則天順聖皇后)[note 6] | |
Temple name | |
None[note 7] | |
രാജവംശം | Wǔ (武) |
പിതാവ് | Wu Shiyue |
മാതാവ് | Lady Yang |
കബറിടം | Qianling Mausoleum |
മതം | Buddhism |
Wu Zetian | |||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 武則天 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Simplified Chinese | 武则天 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Wu Zhao | |||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 武曌 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Wu Hou | |||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 武后 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Tian Hou | |||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 天后 | ||||||||||||||||||
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History of China | |||||||
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ANCIENT | |||||||
3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors | |||||||
Xia Dynasty 2100–1600 BCE | |||||||
Shang Dynasty 1600–1046 BCE | |||||||
Zhou Dynasty 1045–256 BCE | |||||||
Western Zhou | |||||||
Eastern Zhou | |||||||
Spring and Autumn Period | |||||||
Warring States Period | |||||||
IMPERIAL | |||||||
Qin Dynasty 221 BCE–206 BCE | |||||||
Han Dynasty 206 BCE–220 CE | |||||||
Western Han | |||||||
Xin Dynasty | |||||||
Eastern Han | |||||||
Three Kingdoms 220–280 | |||||||
Wei, Shu & Wu | |||||||
Jin Dynasty 265–420 | |||||||
Western Jin | 16 Kingdoms 304–439 | ||||||
Eastern Jin | |||||||
Southern & Northern Dynasties 420–589 | |||||||
Sui Dynasty 581–618 | |||||||
Tang Dynasty 618–907 | |||||||
( Second Zhou 690–705 ) | |||||||
5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 907–960 |
Liao Dynasty 907–1125 | ||||||
Song Dynasty 960–1279 |
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Northern Song | W. Xia | ||||||
Southern Song | Jin | ||||||
Yuan Dynasty 1271–1368 | |||||||
Ming Dynasty 1368–1644 | |||||||
Qing Dynasty 1644–1911 | |||||||
MODERN | |||||||
Republic of China 1912–1949 | |||||||
People's Republic of China 1949–present |
Republic of China (Taiwan) 1945–present | ||||||
റഫറൻസുകൾ
തിരുത്തുക- ↑ Uwitchett, Denis. Chen gui and Other Works Attributed to Empress Wu Zetian (PDF). p. 20.
- ↑ Uwitchett, Denis. Chen gui and Other Works Attributed to Empress Wu Zetian (PDF). p. 71.
- ↑ Pollard, Elizabeth (2015). Worlds Together Worlds Apart. New York: W.W. Norton Company. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-393-91847-2.
- ↑ Paludan (1998), പുറം. 100
കുറിപ്പുകൾ
തിരുത്തുക
- ↑ Wu was partially in control of power since approximately 660 and her power was even more paramount after January 665. Her Wu Zhou dynasty was proclaimed on October 17, 690, and she proclaimed herself Empress Regnant on October 19, demoting her son Emperor Ruizong to the rank of crown prince with the unusual title of Huangsi (皇嗣).
- ↑ She lost power in the palace coup of February 20, 705. She abdicated the next day, and on February 22 she was forced to return imperial authority to her son Li Xian, who was restored as Emperor Zhongzong on February 23. The Wu Zhou dynasty was terminated with the restoration of the Tang dynasty on March 3, 705.
- ↑ ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: അസാധുവായ
<ref>
ടാഗ്;name
എന്ന പേരിലെ അവലംബങ്ങൾക്ക് എഴുത്തൊന്നും നൽകിയിട്ടില്ല. - ↑ She was given the name Meiniang by Emperor Taizong in the late 630s after she had entered the imperial palace, but was not leveled up in consort rank.
- ↑ Zetian was the beginning of the honorific name (徽號) – Divine Empress Regnant Zetian (ചൈനീസ്: 則天大聖皇帝) – given to her in February 705 by her son, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang. The honorific name was used as her posthumous name when she died ten months later, although she was also frequently referred to as "Heavenly Empress" throughout the rest of Tang dynasty.
- ↑ The final version of her posthumous name as given in July 749.
- ↑ The Wu Zhou dynasty was abolished before her death, and she was reverted to the rank of empress consort on her death, so she did not have a temple name, as empresses consort, unlike ruling emperors, were not given temple names.
- ↑ The birth year given here is deduced from the age at death given in the New Book of Tang, compiled in 1045–1060, which is the date favored by modern historians. The year of birth deduced from the age at death in the Old Book of Tang, compiled in 941–945, is 623. The year of birth deducted from the age at death and the age when she entered the palace, in the Zizhi Tongjian, compiled in 1065–84, is 624. Compare New Book of Tang, vol. 4 with Old Book of Tang, vol. 6 and Zizhi Tongjian 1084, vols. 195, 208
- ↑ General note: Dates given here are in the Julian calendar. They are not in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.