ജർമ്മൻ കുരിശുയുദ്ധം-1096
ജനകീയ കുരിശുയുദ്ധത്തിന്റെ ഭാഗമായി നടന്ന ജൂതകൂട്ടക്കൊലയുടെ പരമ്പരയായിരുന്നു 1096-ലെ ജർമ്മൻ കുരിശുയുദ്ധം എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്ന റൈൻലാൻഡ് കൂട്ടക്കൊല[1][2]. ഹോളോകോസ്റ്റിൽ അവസാനിച്ച ജൂതവിരുദ്ധപ്രവർത്തനങ്ങളുടെ നാന്ദിയായി ഈ സംഭവം വിലയിരുത്തപ്പെടുന്നു[3]. ജർമ്മനി, ഫ്രാൻസ് എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിൽ നിന്നുള്ള ക്രിസ്ത്യാനികളുടെ ആൾക്കൂട്ടമാണ് ഈ ആക്രമണങ്ങൾക്ക് പിന്നിലുണ്ടായിരുന്നത്.
വിവരണം തിരുത്തുക
പത്രോസ് സന്യാസി, കൗണ്ട് എമിക്കോ തുടങ്ങിയ പ്രമുഖ കുരിശുയുദ്ധ നേതാക്കളെല്ലാം ഈ കൂട്ടക്കൊലയിൽ പങ്കെടുത്തിരുന്നു[4]. സ്പിയർ, വോംസ്, മയിൻസ് എന്നീ പ്രദേശങ്ങളിലെ ജൂതസമൂഹങ്ങൾ അപ്പാടെ നശിപ്പിക്കപ്പെട്ടതിനെ ഡിസ്ട്രക്ഷൻ ഓഫ് ഷം എന്ന പേരിൽ വിളിക്കപ്പെട്ടു[5]. ഈ അക്രമങ്ങളെ പല ചരിത്രകാരന്മാരും കലാപങ്ങൾ (pogroms) എന്ന രൂപത്തിലാണ് വിലയിരുത്തുന്നത്[6].
അവലംബം തിരുത്തുക
- ↑ Gilbert, M. (2010). The Routledge Atlas of Jewish History. Routledge. ISBN 9780415558105. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
- ↑ David Nirenberg, 'The Rhineland Massacres of Jews in the First Crusade, Memories Medieval and Modern', in Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography, p.279-310
- ↑ David Nirenberg (2002). Gerd Althoff (ed.). Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography. Johannes Fried. Cambridge University Press. pp. 279–. ISBN 978-0-521-78066-7.
- ↑ Chazan, Robert (1996). European Jewry and the First Crusade. U. of California Press. pp. 55–60, 127. ISBN 9780520917767.
- ↑ Shum Hebrew: שו"ם were the letters of the three towns as pronounced at the time in old French: Shaperra, Wermieza and Magenzza.
- ↑ Sources describing these attacks as pogroms include:
- Richard S. Levy. Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia Of Prejudice And Persecution, ABC-CLIO, 2005, ISBN 9781851094394. p. 153.
- Christopher Tyerman. God's War: A New History of the Crusades, Harvard University Press, 2006, ISBN 9780674023871, p. 100.
- Israel Jacob Yuval. Two Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, University of California Press, 2008, ISBN 9780520258181, p. 186.
- Nikolas Jaspert. The Crusades, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 9780415359672, p. 39.
- Louis Arthur Berman. The Akedah: The Binding of Isaac, Jason Aronson, 1997, ISBN 9781568218991, p. 92.
- Anna Sapir Abulafia, "Crusades", in Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn. A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 9780521826921, p. 116.
- Ian Davies. Teaching the Holocaust: Educational Dimensions, Principles and Practice, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 9780826448514, p. 17.
- Avner Falk. A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1996, ISBN 9780838636602, p. 410.
- Hugo Slim. Killing Civilians: Method, Madness, and Morality in War, Columbia University Press, 2010, ISBN 9780231700375, p. 47.
- Richard A. Fletcher. The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity, University of California Press, 1999, ISBN 9780520218598, p. 318.
- David Biale. Power & Powerlessness in Jewish History. Random House, 2010, ISBN 9780307772534, p. 65.
- I. S. Robinson. Henry IV of Germany 1056–1106, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 9780521545907, p. 318.
- Will Durant. The Age of Faith. The Story of Civilization Vol. 4, Simon & Schuster, 1950, p. 391.
ഗ്രന്ഥസൂചിക തിരുത്തുക
പ്രാഥമിക ഉറവിടങ്ങൾ തിരുത്തുക
കയ്യെഴുത്തുപ്രതികൾ തിരുത്തുക
- Albert of Aix, Historia Hierosolymitana
- Mainz Anonymous
- Solomon bar Simson Chronicle
- Eliezer bar Nathan Chronicle
പ്രാഥമിക സ്രോതസുകൾ തിരുത്തുക
- Charny, Israel W. (1994). The Widening Circle of Genocide. ISBN 978-1560001720.
- Chazan, Robert (1987). European Jewry and the First Crusade. University of California Press.
- Chazan, Robert (1996). In the Year 1096: The First Crusade and the Jews. Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 978-0827606326.
- Claster, Jill N. (2009). Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095–1396. ISBN 978-1442600607.
- Cohen, Jeremy (2004). Sanctifying The Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Eidelberg, Shlomo (1996). The Jews and the Crusaders. ISBN 978-0881255416.
- Hoffman, Lawrence A. (1989). Beyond the Text: A Holistic Approach to Liturgy. ISBN 978-0253205384.
- Nirenberg, David. "The Rhineland Massacres of Jews in the First Crusade, Memories Medieval and Modern*". Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography.
- Reif, Stefan C. (1995). Judaism and Hebrew Prayer. ISBN 978-0521483414.
- Shwartz, Susan (2002). Cross and Crescent. ISBN 978-0759212923.
- Tartakoff, Paola (2012). Between Christian and Jew: Conversion and Inquisition in the Crown. ISBN 978-0812244212.
- Tyerman, Christopher (2009). The Crusades. ISBN 978-1402768910.
- Vauchez, André; Dobson, Richard Barrie; Lapidge, Michael (2000). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. ISBN 978-1579582821.
ദ്വിതീയ സ്രോതസുകൾ തിരുത്തുക
- (Hebrew) Yom Tov Assis; Geremi Cohen; Ora Limor; Aharon Kedar; Michael Toch, eds. (July 2000). Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Jerusalem.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)(July 2000). Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Jerusalem. - Robert Chazan (2000). God, Humanity, and History: The Hebrew First-Crusade Narratives. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520221277.
- Chazan, Robert (1996). In the Year 1096: The Jews and the First Crusade. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 9780827605756.
- Cohen, Jeremy. "A 1096 Complex? Constructing the First Crusade in Jewish Historical Memory, Medieval and Modern" (PDF).
- Cohen, Jeremy (13 Feb 2006). Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Nirenberg, David. The Rhineland Massacres of Jews in the First Crusade, Memories Medieval and Modern, in Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory. Historiography.
- Kedar, Benjamin Z. (1998). "Crusade Historians and the Massacres of 1096". Jewish History. 12 (2): 11–31. doi:10.1007/BF02335496. JSTOR 20101340. S2CID 153734729.
- Otter, Monika (2012). Goscelin of St Bertin. ISBN 978-1843842941.
- Kenneth Setton, ed. (1969–1989). "A History of the Crusades". Madison. Archived from the original on 2003-04-01. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
- Vauchez, André; Dobson, Richard Barrie; Lapidge, Michael (2000). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. ISBN 978-1579582821.
- Stow, Kenneth (2007). Popes, Church, and Jews in the Middle Ages: Confrontation and Response. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754659150.
- Roth, Norman (January 1994). "Bishops and Jews in the Middle Ages". The Catholic Historical Review. 80 (1): 1–17. JSTOR 25024201.
- Stow, Kenneth and David Abulafia (1999). "The Church and the Jews". Chapter 8: The Church and the Jews,The New Cambridge Medieval History,5:p.204–19. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 204–219. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521362894.012. ISBN 9781139055734.
- Stacey, Robert (1999). Chapter: Crusades, Martyrdoms, and the Jews of Norman England, 1096-1190, Juden Und Christen Der Zeit Der Kreuzzüge:p.233-251. Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke Verlag.
ജേണൽ ലേഖനങ്ങൾ തിരുത്തുക
- Eidelberg, Shlomo (1999). "The First Crusade and the persecutions of 1096: a recollection for their 900th anniversary". Medieval Ashkenazic History.
- Eidelberg, Shlomo (1996). "The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades". History. KTAV Publishing House Inc. ISBN 9780881255416.
- Gabriele, Matthew (2007). Michael Frassetto (ed.). "Against the Enemies of Christ: The Role of Count Emicho in the Anti-Jewish Violence of the First Crusade". Christian Attitudes Towards the Jews in the Middle Ages. Routledge. ISBN 9780415978279.
- Goitein, G.D (1952). "Contemporary Letters on the Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders". Journal of Jewish Studies. 3 (4): 162–177, 163. doi:10.18647/97/JJS-1952.
- (Hebrew) Hacker, Joseph (1966). "On the Persecutions of 1096". Zion. 31."On the Persecutions of 1096". Zion. 31.
- (German) Haverkamp, Eva (2005). "Hebräische Berichte über die Judenverfolgungen während des Ersten Kreuzzugs [Hebrew reports on the persecution of Jews during the First Crusade]". Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Hebräische Texte aus dem Mittelalterlichen Deutschland. Hanover Hahnsche Buchhandlung. 1."Hebräische Berichte über die Judenverfolgungen während des Ersten Kreuzzugs [Hebrew reports on the persecution of Jews during the First Crusade]". Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Hebräische Texte aus dem Mittelalterlichen Deutschland. Hanover Hahnsche Buchhandlung. 1.
- Haverkamp, Eva (2008). "What did the Christians know? Latin reports on the persecutions of Jews in 1096". The Journal of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East.
- Haverkamp, Eva (2009). "Martyrs in rivalry: the 1096 Jewish martyrs and the Thebean legion". Jewish History. 23 (4): 319–342. doi:10.1007/s10835-009-9091-1. JSTOR 25653802. S2CID 159477788.
- Kober, Adolf (1940). "Cologne". Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
- Malkiel, David (2001). "Destruction or Conversion: Intention and Reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096". Jewish History. 15 (3): 257–280. doi:10.1023/A:1014208904545. JSTOR 20101451. S2CID 156054316.
- (German) Mentgen, Gerd. "Die Juden des Mittelrhein-Mosel-Gebietes im Hochmittelalter unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kreuzzugsverfolgungen [The Jews of the Middle Rhine Moselle area in the High Middle Ages, with special emphasis on crusade persecutions]". Der Erste Kreuzzug 1096 und Seine Folgen, die Verfolgung der Juden im Rheinland [The First Crusade in 1096 and its aftermath, the persecution of Jews in the Rhineland]. Evangelical Church in the Rhineland, Düsseldorf 1996 (Schriften des Archivs der Evangelischen Kirche im Rheinland. 9."Die Juden des Mittelrhein-Mosel-Gebietes im Hochmittelalter unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kreuzzugsverfolgungen [The Jews of the Middle Rhine Moselle area in the High Middle Ages, with special emphasis on crusade persecutions]". Der Erste Kreuzzug 1096 und Seine Folgen, die Verfolgung der Juden im Rheinland [The First Crusade in 1096 and its aftermath, the persecution of Jews in the Rhineland]. Evangelical Church in the Rhineland, Düsseldorf 1996 (Schriften des Archivs der Evangelischen Kirche im Rheinland. 9.
- "Die Juden des Mittelrhein-Mosel-Gebietes im Hochmittelalter unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kreuzzugsverfolgungen [The Jews of the Middle Rhine Moselle area in the High Middle Ages, with special emphasis on crusade persecutions]". Monatshefte für Evangelische Kirchengeschichte des Rheinlandes. 44. 1995.