കിങ്ഡം
ടാക്സോണൊമിക് റാങ്ക്
ജീവശാസ്ത്രത്തിൽ ശാസ്ത്രീയ വർഗ്ഗീകരണത്തിലെ ഫൈലത്തിനും ഡൊമെയിനും ഇടയിൽ ഉള്ള വർഗ്ഗീകരണതലമാണ് കിങ്ഡം. വർഗ്ഗീകരണശാസ്ത്രത്തിലെ ഏറ്റവും ഉയർന്ന റാങ്ക് ആണ് ഇത്. കിംങ്ഡത്തിനെ ചെറിയ ഫൈലങ്ങൾ ആയി തിരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു.
വിവിധ കിംങ്ഡങ്ങൾ തിരിച്ചുള്ള വർഗ്ഗീകരണത്തിന്റെ സംഗ്രഹം
തിരുത്തുകകാൾ ലിനേയസ് 1735[1] |
Haeckel 1866[2] |
Chatton 1925[3][4] |
Copeland 1938[5][6] |
Whittaker 1969[7] |
Woese et al. 1977[8][9] |
Woese et al. 1990[10] |
Cavalier-Smith 1993[11][12][13] |
Cavalier-Smith 1998[14][15][16] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 kingdoms | 3 kingdoms | 2 empires | 4 kingdoms | 5 kingdoms | 6 kingdoms | 3 domains | 8 kingdoms | 6 kingdoms |
(not treated) | Protista | Prokaryota | Monera | Monera | Eubacteria | Bacteria | Eubacteria | Bacteria |
Archaebacteria | Archaea | Archaebacteria | ||||||
Eukaryota | Protoctista | Protista | Protista | Eukarya | Archezoa | Protozoa | ||
Protozoa | ||||||||
Chromista | Chromista | |||||||
Vegetabilia | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | ||
Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | |||||
Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia |
ഇതും കാണുക
തിരുത്തുകഅവലംബം
തിരുത്തുക- ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species.
- ↑ Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin.
- ↑ Chatton, É. (1925). "Pansporella perplexa. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires". Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale. 10-VII: 1–84.
- ↑ Chatton, É. (1937). Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937). Sette, Sottano, Italy.
- ↑ Copeland, H. (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology. 13: 383–420. doi:10.1086/394568.
- ↑ Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4474.
- ↑ Whittaker, R. H. (1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–60. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Woese, C. R.; Balch, W. E.; Magrum, L. J.; Fox, G. E.; Wolfe, R. S. (1977). "An ancient divergence among the bacteria". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 9 (4): 305–311. doi:10.1007/BF01796092. PMID 408502.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Woese, C. R.; Fox, G. E. (1977). "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088–90. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104. PMID 270744.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Woese, C.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (12): 4576–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744.
- ↑ PMID 7337818 (PubMed)
Citation will be completed automatically in a few minutes. Jump the queue or expand by hand - ↑ PMID 1302186 (PubMed)
Citation will be completed automatically in a few minutes. Jump the queue or expand by hand - ↑ PMID 8302218 (PubMed)
Citation will be completed automatically in a few minutes. Jump the queue or expand by hand - ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998), "A revised six-kingdom system of life", Biological Reviews, 73 (03): 203–66, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x, PMID 9809012
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004), "Only six kingdoms of life" (PDF), Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences, 271: 1251–62, doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705, PMC 1691724, PMID 15306349, retrieved 2010-04-29
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith T (2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–5. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. PMC 2880060. PMID 20031978.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help)