Proton emission
Proton emission (also known as proton radioactivity) is a rare type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in which case the process is known as beta-delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state (or a low-lying isomer) of very proton-rich nuclei, in which case the process is very similar to alpha decay.[അവലംബം ആവശ്യമാണ്] For a proton to escape a nucleus, the proton separation energy must be negative (Sp < 0)—the proton is therefore unbound, and tunnels out of the nucleus in a finite time. The rate of proton emission is governed by the nuclear, Coulomb, and centrifugal potentials of the nucleus, where centrifugal potential affects a large part of the rate of proton emission. The half-life of a nucleus with respect to proton emission is affected by the proton energy and its orbital angular momentum.[1] Proton emission is not seen in naturally occurring isotopes; proton emitters can be produced via nuclear reactions, usually using linear particle accelerators.
Although prompt (i.e. not beta-delayed) proton emission was observed from an isomer in cobalt-53 as early as 1969, no other proton-emitting states were found until 1981, when the proton radioactive ground states of lutetium-151 and thulium-147 were observed at experiments at the GSI in West Germany.[2] Research in the field flourished after this breakthrough, and to date more than 25 isotopes have been found to exhibit proton emission. The study of proton emission has aided the understanding of nuclear deformation, masses, and structure, and it is a pure example of quantum tunneling.
In 2002, the simultaneous emission of two protons was observed from the nucleus iron-45 in experiments at GSI and GANIL (Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds at Caen).[3] In 2005 it was experimentally determined (at the same facility) that zinc-54 can also undergo double proton decay.[4]
See also
തിരുത്തുക- Nuclear drip line
- Diproton (a particle possibly involved in double proton decay)
- Free neutron
- Neutron emission
- Photodisintegration
References
തിരുത്തുക- ↑ Poenaru, Dorin N.; Rebel, Heinigerd; Wentz, Jürgen, eds. (2001). Nuclei Far from Stability and Astrophysics (in English). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 79–81. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0708-5. ISBN 978-0-7923-6937-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ S. Hofmann (1996). "Chapter 3: Proton radioactivity". In Dorin N. Poseru (ed.). Nuclear Decay Modes. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing. pp. 143–203. ISBN 0-7503-0338-7.
- ↑ Armand, Dominique (June 6, 2002). "A new mode of radioactive decay". CNRS. Archived from the original on 4 February 2005. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
- ↑ Blank, Bertram; Ploszajczak, Marek (December 17, 2013). "Two-proton radioactivity". Reports on Progress in Physics. 71 (4): 046301. arXiv:0709.3797. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/71/4/046301. S2CID 119276805.
External links
തിരുത്തുക
Nuclear Structure and Decay Data - IAEA with query on Proton Separation Energy
