കിങ്ങ് ആർതർ

മധ്യ കാലഘട്ടത്തിലെ അഞ്ച്-ആറ്‌ നൂറ്റാണ്ടിലെ ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് നായകനാണ്‌ കിങ്ങ് ആർതർ. സാക്സോൺ ആക്രമണകാരികൾക്കെതിരെ ആറാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിന്റെ തുടക്കത്തിൽ ബ്രിട്ടിഷിനെ നയിച്ചു. ആർതറിനേ പറ്റി കൂടുതൽ അറിവുകളും നാടോടി പാട്ടുകളിൽ നിന്നും സാഹിത്യ രചനകളിൽ നിന്നുമണ്‌. അങ്ങനെയാണ്‌ ചരിത്രത്തിൽ അദേഹത്തിന്റെ കാലത്തിനേ പറ്റി ആധുനിക ചരിത്രകാരന്മാർക്ക് അറിവ് ലഭിക്കുന്നത്. അന്നലെസ് കംബ്രിയയെ, ഹിസ്റ്റോറിയ ബ്രിട്ടൊനും ഗിൽദാസിന്റെ രചനകളിൽ നിന്നുമാണ്‌ പ്രധാനമായും വിവരങ്ങൾ ലഭിക്കുന്നത്. വൈ.ഗോഡ്ഡോഡിനിൽ ആർതറിനെ പറ്റി പരാമർശിക്കുന്നുണ്ട് വൈ.ഗോഡ്ഡോഡിൻ എന്നാണ് എഴുതിയതെന്ന് വ്യക്തമല്ല. ഇതിൽ ആറാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിലെ സംഭവങ്ങൾ വിവരിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. അതിനോടൊപ്പം ഒൻപത്,പത്ത് നൂറ്റാണ്ടിലെ സംഭവങ്ങളും വിവരിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. എന്നാൽ അവശേഷൈക്കുന്നത് പതിമൂന്നാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിന്റെ പകർപ്പ് മാത്രമാണ്‌.

Tapestry showing Arthur as one of the Nine Worthies, wearing a coat of arms often attributed to him (c. )

ആർതറായിരുന്നു ബ്രിട്ടണിലെ ഇതിഹാസങ്ങളെ സൃഷ്ട്ടിക്കുന്നതിലെ പ്രധാന കേന്ദ്രം. അതിനാൽ ഇദ്ദേഹത്തെ മാറ്റ്ര് ഓഫ് ബ്രിട്ടണ് എന്ന് വിളിക്കുന്നു. ആർതറിനെ അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര തലത്തിൽ ജനകീയനാക്കിയത് പന്ത്രണ്ടാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിൽ ജിയഫ്ഫ്രെയ് എഴുതിയ ഹിസ്റ്റോറിയ റെഗും ബ്രിട്ടാന്നിയ എന്ന പുസ്തകമാണ്‌​.‍ീന്നാൽ വെൽഷ്,ബ്രെട്ട്ൺ നാടോറ്റി കഥകളിലും കവിതകളിലും അതിനു മുൻപ് തന്നെ ആർതർ ഒരു വലിയ യോദ്ധാവും ബ്രിട്ടനെതിരെയുള്ള മാനുഷികവും അതിമാനുഷികമായ ശത്രുക്കൾക്കെതിരെ പോരാടുന്ന ധീരനായി ചിത്രീകരിച്ചിരുന്നു. എന്നാൽ ഗോഡ്ഫ്രേയുടെ കൃതികൾക്ക് മുൻപുള്ള ആർതറിനെ പറ്റി പരാമർശിക്കുന്നവ ലഭ്യമല്ല.

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അധിക വായനയ്ക്ക്

• Halsall, Guy (2013). Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions of the Dark Ages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-870084-5.

പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ

• "Arthurian Gwent". Blaenau Gwent Borough County Council. Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-05-22.. An excellent site detailing Welsh Arthurian folklore.
• Green, Caitlin. "Arthuriana: Studies in Early Medieval History and Legend".. A detailed and comprehensive academic site, which includes numerous scholarly articles.
• Arthuriana: The Journal of Arthurian Studies, published by Scriptorium Press for Purdue University, US. The only academic journal solely concerned with the Arthurian Legend; a good selection of resources and links.
• "Celtic Literature Collective".. Provides texts and translations (of varying quality) of Welsh medieval sources, many of which mention Arthur.
• "Faces of Arthur".. An interesting collection of articles on King Arthur by various Arthurian enthusiasts.
• Green, Thomas (October 2012). "John Dee, King Arthur, and the Conquest of the Arctic". The Heroic Age, A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe (15)..
• The Camelot Project, The University of Rochester. Provides valuable bibliographies and freely downloadable versions of Arthurian texts.
• The Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe. An online peer-reviewed journal that includes regular Arthurian articles; see especially the first issue.

Texts on Wikisource:

• • "Arthur (king)" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |HIDE_PARAMETER15=, |HIDE_PARAMETER13=, |HIDE_PARAMETER2=, |HIDE_PARAMETER21=, |HIDE_PARAMETER11=, |HIDE_PARAMETER28=, |HIDE_PARAMETER32=, |HIDE_PARAMETER14=, |HIDE_PARAMETER17=, |HIDE_PARAMETER31=, |HIDE_PARAMETER20=, |HIDE_PARAMETER5=, |HIDE_PARAMETER30=, |HIDE_PARAMETER19=, |HIDE_PARAMETER29=, |HIDE_PARAMETER16=, |HIDE_PARAMETER26=, |HIDE_PARAMETER22=, |HIDE_PARAMETER25=, |HIDE_PARAMETER33=, |HIDE_PARAMETER24=, |HIDE_PARAMETER18=, |HIDE_PARAMETER10=, |HIDE_PARAMETER4=, |HIDE_PARAMETER3=, |HIDE_PARAMETER1=, |HIDE_PARAMETER23=, |HIDE_PARAMETER27=, and |HIDE_PARAMETER12= (help)
  • "Arthur (king)". എൻ‌സൈക്ലോപീഡിയ അമേരിക്കാന. 1920.
  • "Arthur" . കോളിയേഴ്സ് ന്യൂ എൻസൈക്ലോപീഡിയ. 1921. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |HIDE_PARAMETER= (help)
  • Heroes Every Child Should Know: King Arthur
  • "Arthur and Gorlagon", translated by Frank A. Milne, notes by Alfred Nutt. Folk-Lore. Volume 15, 1904.