- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The German lenis consonants [b d ɡ z ʒ dʒ] are often pronounced without voice as [b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ z̥ ʒ̊ d̥ʒ̊]. In Southern German, the voiceless pronunciation prevails.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries only allowed [r], this pronunciation is nowadays mainly found in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria, while in other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, with the allophones [ʁ] and [ʀ]. In many regions except for Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vowelized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]
- ↑ Realized as a uvular fricative [χ] after /a/, /aː/, and often /ʊ/, /ɔ/, and /aʊ/.
- ↑ In many varieties of German except for Swiss Standard German, all initial vowels are preceded by [ʔ].
- ↑ Many German speakers replace [ð] with [z].
- ↑ Many German speakers replace [ɹ] with [ʁ].
- ↑ Many German speakers replace [w] with [v].
- ↑ Many German speakers replace [θ] with [s].
- ↑ Often replaced by [eː]
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Sometimes replaced by [aŋ].
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sometimes replaced by [ɛŋ].
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Sometimes replaced by [ɔŋ].
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Sometimes replaced by [œŋ].
- ↑ Many German speakers replace [ɔː] with [ɔ] or [oː].
- ↑ Many German speakers replace [ʌ] with [a].
