പ്രയോജനവാദം

ശരിയായ മാർഗ്ഗം ഏറ്റവും പ്രയോജനകരമായതും യാതനയും കുറവുകളും കഴിയുന്നത്ര ഒഴിവാക്കുന്നതുമാണെന്ന നൈതിക സിദ്ധാന്തത്തെയാണ് പ്രയോജനവാദം (യൂട്ടാലിറ്റേറിയനിസം) എന്ന് വിളിക്കുന്നത്. ക്ലാസിക്കൽ യൂട്ടാലിറ്റേറിയനിസത്തിന്റെ രണ്ടു പ്രധാന പ്രയോക്താക്കൾ ജെറേമി ബെന്ഥാം, ജോൺ സ്റ്റുവർട്ട് മിൽ എന്നിവരാണ്. തീരുമാനമെടുക്കുവാൻ ഒരാളെ സഹായിക്കുന്ന മാർഗ്ഗമാണിതെന്ന് ഏറ്റവും ലഘുവായി പറയാവുന്നതാണ്. പ്രയോജനവാദത്തിൽ ഒരു പ്രവൃത്തിയുടെ നൈതികമായ ഗുണം അതിന്റെ അനന്തരഫലങ്ങളിൽ നിന്നാണ് തീരുമാനിക്കപ്പെടുന്നത്. ശരിക്കും സംഭവിച്ച ഫലങ്ങൾ, മുൻകൂട്ടിക്കണ്ടവ, നടപ്പിൽ വരണമെന്നുദ്ദേശിച്ചവ എന്നീ ഉപവിഭാഗങ്ങൾക്ക് എന്തുമാത്രം ഊന്നൽ കൊടുക്കണം എന്നതുസംബന്ധിച്ച് അഭിപ്രായ ഐക്യമില്ല.

അവലംബം

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• Broome, John (1991). Weighing Goods. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
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• Dennett, Daniel (1995). Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82471-X.
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• Gauthier, David (1963). Practical Reasoning: The Structure and Foundations of Prudential and Moral Arguments and Their Exemplification in Discourse. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198241904.
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• Goodin, Robert E. (May 1995). Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521468060.
• Habib, Allen (2008), Promises, in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
• Halevy, Elie (1966). The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism. Beacon Press. ISBN 0-19-101020-0.
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• Hardin, Russell (May 1990). Morality within the Limits of Reason. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226316208.
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• Harsanyi, John C. (June 1975). "The American Political Science Review: Can the Maximin Principle Serve as a Basis for Morality? A Critique of John Rawls's Theory of Justice". 69 (2). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Harsanyi, John C. (Fall 1977). "Motive Utilitarianism". Morality and the theory of rational behaviour, Social Research. 44 (3).
• Hooker, Brad (October 2002). Ideal Code, Real World: A Rule-Consequentialist Theory of Morality. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0199256570.
• Hooker, Brad (9 September 2011). "Chapter 8: The Demandingness Objection". In Chappell, Timothy (ed.). The problem of moral demandingness: new philosophical essays. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230219403.
• Hume, David (2002). "An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals". In Schneewind, J. B. (ed.). Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521003049.
• Hutcheson, Francis (2002). "The Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue". In Schneewind, J. B. (ed.). Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521003049.
• Kagan, Shelly (April 1991). The Limits of Morality (Oxford Ethics Series). Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0198239161.
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• Mill, John Stuart (1998). Crisp, Roger (ed.). Utilitarianism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-875163-X.
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• Smart, J. J. C.; Williams, Bernard (January 1973). Utilitarianism: For and Against. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521098229.
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കൂടുതൽ വായനയ്ക്ക്

• Cornman, James, et al. Philosophical Problems and Arguments - An Introduction, 4th edition Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co., 1992.
• Glover, Jonathan, Causing Death and Saving Lives, Penguin Books, 1977. A good example of a broadly utilitarian approach. See esp. the last two chapters on war and moral distance.
• Harwood, Sterling, "Eleven Objections to Utilitarianism," in Louis P. Pojman, ed., Moral Philosophy: A Reader, Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co., 2003, and in Sterling Harwood, ed., Business as Ethical and Business as Usual, Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996, Chapter 7.
• Mackie, J. L. (1991). "esp. Chapter 6, Utilitarianism". Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0140135589.
• Martin, Michael, "A Utilitarian Kantian Principle," Philosophical Studies, (with H. Ruf), 21, 1970, pp. 90–91.
• Rachels, James; Rachels, Stuart (2012). "esp. Chapters 7&8, The Utilitarian Approach & The Debate of Utilitarianism". The Elements of Moral Philosophy. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 978-0078038242.
• Scheffler, Samuel (1988). Consequentialism and its Critics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198750734.
• Silverstein, Harry S. A Defence of Cornman's Utilitarian Kantian Principle, Philosophical Studies (Dordrecht u.a.) 23, 212–215. 1972
• Singer, Peter (1993). "esp. Chapter 19&20, Consequentialism & The Utility and the Good". A Companion to Ethics (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631187851.
• Singer, Peter. The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1981. [ISBN 0-374-15112-1]
• Stokes, Eric. The English Utilitarians and India, Clarendon Press, 1963. [ASIN B0026QQ5GE]
• Sumner, L. Wayne, Abortion: A Third Way, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Williams, Bernard (1993). "esp. Chapter 10, Utilitarianism". Morality: An Introduction to Ethics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521457293.

പുറത്തേയ്ക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ

• Consequentialism entry by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• The History of Utilitarianism entry by Julia Driver in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Wiki Felicifia, the collaboratively edited encyclopaedia for utilitarians Archived 2012-03-24 at the Wayback Machine.
• utilitarian.org FAQ A FAQ on utilitarianism by a Web Site affiliated to David Pearce
• A Utilitiarian FAQ Archived 2016-03-09 at the Wayback Machine., by Ian Montgomerie
• The English Utilitarians, Volume l by Sir Leslie Stephen
• The English Utilitarians, Volume ll by Sir Leslie Stephen
• Utilitarian Philosophers Large compendium of writings by and about the major utilitarian philosophers, both classic and contemporary.
• Utilitarianism A summary of classical utilitarianism, and modern alternatives, with application to ethical issues and criticisms
• Utilitarian Resources Collection of definitions, articles and links.
• Primer on the Elements and Forms of Utilitarianism Archived 2008-12-01 at the Wayback Machine. A convenient summary of the major points of utilitarianism.
• International Website for Utilitarianism and Utilitarian Scholar's Conferences and Research Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine.
• Utilitarianism as Secondary Ethic Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine. A concise review of Utilitarianism, its proponents and critics.
• Essays on Reducing Suffering