ട്രെബിസോണ്ഡ് സാമ്രാജ്യം

Empire of Trebizond
Empire of Trebizond;
1204–1461
	Double-headed eagle flag as depicted in Western portolans
	Map of the Empire of Trebizond shortly after the foundation of the Latin Empire in 1204, featuring the short-lived conquests in western Anatolia by David Komnenos (later reconquered by the Empire of Nicaea) and Sinope (later conquered by the Sultanate of Rum).
സ്ഥിതി	Successor of the Byzantine Empire; Client state of the Kingdom of Georgia (1204–1227); Vassal of the Mongol Empire (1243–1336);
തലസ്ഥാനം	Trebizond
പൊതുവായ ഭാഷകൾ	Greek (official); Laz (popular); Western Armenian;
മതം	Greek Orthodoxy
ഭരണസമ്പ്രദായം	Republican monarchy
Notable emperors1
• 1204–1222	Alexios I
• 1238–1263	Manuel I
• 1280–1297	John II
• 1349–1390	Alexios III
• 1459–1461	David
Historical era	Late Middle Ages
• Intervention to Chaldia	1204
• Fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade	April 13, 1204
• Submission to the Mongol Empire	1243
• Permanent loss of Sinope	1265
• John II renounces Imperial claims	1282
• Trapezuntine Civil Wars	1340–1349
• Fall of Trebizond	August 15, 1461
മുൻപ്	ശേഷം
	Byzantine Empire; (Angelos dynasty)
Ottoman Empire; (Trebizond Eyalet)
Republic of Genoa; (Gazaria)
Principality of Theodoro
	1 the full title of the Trapezuntine emperors after 1282 was "the faithful Basileus and Autokrator of All the East, the Iberians and Perateia"

ട്രെബിസോണ്ഡ് സാമ്രാജ്യം അഥവാ ട്രെബിസൂണ്ഡൈൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം മധ്യ കാലഘട്ടത്തിലെ അനറ്റോളിയയിലെ ഒരു പോണ്ടിക് ഗ്രീക്ക് രാജ്യമായിരുന്നു. 13 മുതൽ 15 വരെ നൂറ്റാണ്ടുകളിൽ അഭിവൃദ്ധി പ്രാപിച്ച ബൈസന്റൈൻ സാമ്രാജ്യത്തിന്റെ പിൻഗാമിയായ മൂന്ന് റംപ് സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങളിൽ ഒന്നായിരുന്നു ഇത്. അനറ്റോലിയയുടെ (പോണ്ടസ്) വടക്കുകിഴക്കൻ മൂലയും തെക്കൻ ക്രിമിയയും ഇതിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുന്നു. കോൺസ്റ്റാന്റിനോപ്പിളിനെ പുറത്താക്കുന്നതിന് ഏതാനും ആഴ്ചകൾക്കുമുമ്പ് അലക്സിയോസ് കൊംനെനോസ് കമാൻഡർ ചൽദിയയിലും പഫ്ലാഗോണിയയിലും ^[7] ജോർജിയൻ പര്യവേഷണത്തിനുശേഷം 1204-ൽ സാമ്രാജ്യം രൂപപ്പെട്ടു.

കുറിപ്പുകൾ

↑ "Some scholars believe that the new state was subject to Georgia, at least in the first years of its existence, at the beginning of the 13th century."^[3]^[4]

അവലംബം

↑ This is the date determined by Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp. 205–207 doi:10.3406/rebyz.1949.1014
↑ Androudis, Pascal (2017). "Présence de l'aigle bicéphale en Trebizonde et dans la principauté grecque de Théodoro en Crimée (XIVe-XVe siècles)" (PDF). Byzantiaka (in French). 34: 179–218. ISSN 1012-0513.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ Vasiliev, A. A. (1936). "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond 1204–1222". Speculum. 11: 3–37.
↑ Ostrogorsky, G., Ιστορία του Βυζαντινού κράτους 3 (Athens 1997), pp. 102, 305.
↑ Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Laz "Though Greek in higher culture, the rural areas of Trebizond empire appear to have been predominantly Laz in ethnic composition."
↑ Hewsen, Robert H. (2009). "Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond". In Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.). Armenian Pontus: The Trebizond-Black Sea Communities. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, Inc. pp. 47, 37–66. ISBN 1-56859-155-1.
↑ A. A. Vasiliev, "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)", Speculum, 11 (1936), pp. 18f

ഉറവിടങ്ങളും ഗവേഷണവും

പ്രാഥമിക ഉറവിടങ്ങൾ

Basilios Bessarion, The praise of Trebizond
Michael Panaretos, Chronicle

ദ്വിതീയ ഉറവിടങ്ങൾ

Anthony Bryer & David Winfield, The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos (DOS. XX), vol. 1–2, Washington, 1985.
Anthony Bryer, Peoples and Settlement in Anatolia and the Caucasus, 800–1900, Variorum collected studies series, London, 1988.
Bryer, Anthony (1980). The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontos. London: Variorum Reprints. ISBN 978-0-86078-062-5.
Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer, Geschichte des Kaiserthums Trapezunt (Munich, 1827–1848)
George Finlay, The History of Greece, from Its Conquest by the Crusaders to Its Conquest by the Turks, and of the Empire of Trebizond: 1204–1461. Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1851.
Émile Janssens. Trébizonde en Colchide. Bruxelles: Presses universitaires de Bruxelles, 1969,
Sergei Karpov, L' impero di Trebisonda, Venezia, Genova e Roma, 1204–1461. Rapporti politici, diplomatici e commerciali. Roma, 1986.
Sergei Karpov, Трапезундская империя и западноевропейские государства, 1204–1461. ("The Empire of Trebizond and the nations of Western Europe, 1204–1461".) Moscow, 1981.
Sergei Karpov, История Трапезундской империи ("A history of the empire of Trebizond"). Saint Petersburg, 2007.
William Miller, Trebizond: The Last Greek Empire, (1926; repr. Chicago: Argonaut Publishers, 1968)
Donald Queller, Thomas F. Madden, The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2nd ed., 1997. ISBN 0-8122-3387-5
Savvides, Alexios G. K. (2009). Ιστορία της Αυτοκρατορίας των Μεγάλων Κομνηνών της Τραπεζούντας (1204-1461). 2η Έκδοση με προσθήκες [History of the Empire of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond (1204-1461). 2nd Edition with additions] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Kyriakidis Brothers S.A. ISBN 978-960-467-121-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Rustam Shukurov, Великие Комнины и Восток (1204—1461) ("The Megas Komnenos and the Orient (1204–1461)"). Saint Petersburg, 2001, 446 pp (in Russian), ISBN 5-89329-337-1
Levan Urushadze, The Comnenus of Trabizond and the Bagrationi dynasty of Georgia. — J. "Tsiskari", Tbilisi, No 4, 1991, pp. 144–148: in Georgian.
Fyodor Uspensky, From the history of the Empire of Trabizond (Ocherki iz istorii Trapezuntskoy Imperii), Leningrad, 1929 (in Russian).
Zehiroğlu, Ahmet M. (2016). Trabzon İmparatorluğu 2 [The Empire of Trebizond (Vol.2) (1222-1382)] (in Turkish). Istanbul. ISBN 978-6054567522.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Zehiroğlu, Ahmet M. (2018). Trabzon İmparatorluğu 3 [The Empire of Trebizond (Vol.3) (1382-1451)] (in Turkish). Istanbul. ISBN 978-6058103207.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

കൂടുതൽ വായനയ്ക്ക്

Eastmond, Antony (2004). Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond. Routledge. ISBN 0754635759. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Eastmond, Antony, ed. (2016). Byzantium's Other Empire: Trebizond. Ege Yayinlari. ISBN 6059388000. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

ബാഹ്യ ലിങ്കുകൾ

Empire of Trebizond എന്ന വിഷയവുമായി ബന്ധമുള്ള കൂടുതൽ പ്രമാണങ്ങൾ (വിക്കിമീഡിയ കോമൺസിൽ)

[5] "Some scholars believe that the new state was subject to Georgia, at least in the first years of its existence, at the beginning of the 13th century."^[3]^[4]

[Babinger-1949-1] This is the date determined by Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp. 205–207 doi:10.3406/rebyz.1949.1014

[2] Androudis, Pascal (2017). "Présence de l'aigle bicéphale en Trebizonde et dans la principauté grecque de Théodoro en Crimée (XIVe-XVe siècles)" (PDF). Byzantiaka (in French). 34: 179–218. ISSN 1012-0513.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[Vasiliev,_A.A._1936_pp._3-37-3] Vasiliev, A. A. (1936). "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond 1204–1222". Speculum. 11: 3–37.

[Ostrogorsky,_G._1997_pp._102,_305-4] Ostrogorsky, G., Ιστορία του Βυζαντινού κράτους 3 (Athens 1997), pp. 102, 305.

[6] Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Laz "Though Greek in higher culture, the rural areas of Trebizond empire appear to have been predominantly Laz in ethnic composition."

[Hewsen47-7] Hewsen, Robert H. (2009). "Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond". In Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.). Armenian Pontus: The Trebizond-Black Sea Communities. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, Inc. pp. 47, 37–66. ISBN 1-56859-155-1.

[8] A. A. Vasiliev, "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)", Speculum, 11 (1936), pp. 18f

[7]

[1]

[2]

[A]

[5]

[6]

[3]

[4]