"സാഹിത്യം" എന്ന താളിന്റെ പതിപ്പുകൾ തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം
Content deleted Content added
Drajay1976 (സംവാദം | സംഭാവനകൾ) |
Drajay1976 (സംവാദം | സംഭാവനകൾ) |
||
വരി 13:
പുരാതന ചൈനയിൽ ആദ്യകാല സാഹിത്യം തത്ത്വചിന്ത, [[historiography|ചരിത്രം]], [[military science|സൈനികശാസ്ത്രം]], കൃഷി, [[Chinese poetry|കവിത]] എന്നിവയെപ്പറ്റിയായിരുന്നു. ആധുനിക [[paper making|പേപ്പർ നിർമാണവും]] [[woodblock printing|തടി അച്ചുപയോഗിച്ചുള്ള അച്ചടിയും]] ചൈനയിലാണ് ആരംഭിച്ചത്. ലോകത്തിലെ ആദ്യത്തെ അച്ചടിസംസ്കാരം ഇവിടെയാണ് ഉത്ഭവിച്ചത്.<ref>A Hyatt Mayor, Prints and People, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, nos 1-4. ISBN 0-691-00326-2</ref> period that occurred during the [[Zhou Dynasty|കിഴക്കൻ ഷൗ രാജവംശത്തിന്റെ]] (ബി.സി. 769-269) കാലത്തുണ്ടായിരുന്ന [[Hundred Schools of Thought|നൂറ് ആശയധാരകളുടെ]] കാലത്താണ് ചൈനയിലെ സാഹിത്യ മേഖല വളർച്ച നേടിയത്. [[Confucianism|കൺഫ്യൂഷ്യാനിസം]], [[Taoism|ഡാവോയിസം]], [[Mohism|മോഹിസം]], [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|ലീഗലിസം]] എന്നിവ സംബന്ധിച്ച കൃതികൾ, സൈനികശാസ്ത്രവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട കൃതികൾ (ഉദാഹരണത്തിന് [[Sun Tzu|സൺ സുവിന്റെ]] ''[[The Art of War|ദി ആർട്ട് ഓഫ് വാർ]]'') [[History of China|ചരിത്രം]] (ഉദാഹരണത്തിന് [[Sima Qian|സിമാ ക്വിയെന്റെ]] ''[[Records of the Grand Historian|റിക്കോർഡ്സ് ഓഫ് ദി ഗ്രാന്റ് ഹിസ്റ്റോറിയൻ]]'') എന്നിവ പ്രധാനമാണ്.
<!--In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included [[Sanskrit drama|drama]], [[Panchatantra|fables]], [[Sūtra|sutras]] and [[Indian epic poetry|epic poetry]]. [[Sanskrit literature]] begins with the [[Vedas]], dating back to 1500–1000 BCE, and continues with the [[Sanskrit Epics]] of [[Iron Age India]]. The Vedas are among the [[Ancient literature|oldest sacred texts]]. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500–1000 BCE, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the [[shakha|redaction]] of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000-500 BCE, resulting in a [[Vedic period]], spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the [[Bronze Age|Late Bronze Age]] and the [[Iron Age India|Iron Age]].<ref name="Flood">[[Gavin Flood]] sums up mainstream estimates, according to which the Rigveda was compiled from as early as 1500 BCE over a period of several centuries. {{Harvnb|Flood|1996|p=37}}</ref> The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Ramayana]]'', with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD.
In ancient Greece, the epics of [[Homer]], who wrote the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', and [[Hesiod]], who wrote ''[[Works and Days]]'' and ''[[Theogony]]'', are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, [[poetry]], historiography, [[comedies]] and [[drama]]s. [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of [[Western philosophy]], [[Sappho]] and [[Pindar]] were influential [[lyrical poetry|lyrical poets]], and [[Herodotus]] and [[Thucydides]] were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in Ancient Greece, of the hundreds of [[tragedy|tragedies]] written and performed during the [[classical age]], only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]], and [[Euripides]]. The plays of [[Aristophanes]] provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as [[Ancient Greek comedy|Old Comedy]], the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre.<ref>''Aristophanes: Clouds'' K.J.Dover (ed), Oxford University Press 1970, Intro. page X.</ref>
[[File:Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein 007.jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], [[Germany|German]] writer and author of the [[Faust|Faust books]] ]]
Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the [[Middle Ages]] was the [[Romance (heroic literature)|romance]], an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the [[novel]], of which early and important examples are the Chinese [[Journey to the West|Monkey]] and the German [[Faust|Faust books]].
In the [[Age of Reason]] philosophical tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated literature with social and political developments. The inevitable reaction was the explosion of [[Romanticism]] in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion. But as the 19th-century went on, European fiction evolved towards [[Realism (arts)|realism]] and [[Naturalism (literature)|naturalism]], the meticulous documentation of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical, and influenced social and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective, emphasising unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual. Writers such as [[Marcel Proust|Proust]], [[T.S.Eliot|Eliot]], [[James Joyce|Joyce]], [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]] and [[Luigi Pirandello|Pirandello]] exemplify the trend of documenting internal rather than external realities.
[[Genre fiction]] also showed it could question reality in its 20th century forms, in spite of its fixed formulas, through the enquiries of the skeptical [[Detective fiction|detective]] and the alternative realities of [[science fiction]]. The separation of "mainstream" and "genre" forms (including journalism) continued to blur during the period up to our own times. [[William Burroughs]], in his early works, and [[Hunter S. Thompson]] expanded documentary reporting into strong subjective statements after the [[World War II|second World War]], and [[Postmodernism|post-modern]] critics have disparaged the idea of objective realism in general.-->
== സാഹിത്യ വിഭാഗങ്ങൾ ==
| |||